Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Classification
Classification Unit
49
Biology
Undergraduate 1
02/19/2011

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Prezygotic
Definition
all of the "isolations"
Term
Ecological isolation, pre or post?
Definition
pre, live in different habitat or environmeny
Term
temporal isolation, pre or post?
Definition
pre, breed during different time periods
Term
mechanical isolation, pre or post?
Definition
pre, anatomical incompatible
Term
behavioral isolation, pre or post?
Definition
pre, different courtship rituals
Term
gametic isolation, pre or post?
Definition
gametes rarely fuse
Term
postzygotic
Definition
all of the "hybrids"
Term
hybrid invariability, pre or post?
Definition
post, abort during development
Term
hybrid sterility, pre or post?
Definition
post, offspring are sterile, like mule
Term
hybrid breakdown, pre or post?
Definition
post, at first fertile then 2nd generation sterile...common in plants
Term
allopatric speciation
Definition
"other" gene flow blocked due to geographic barrier, the 2 species aren't in contact w/ eachother. ex. earthquake that changed course of mississippi, formation of island chains
Term
sympatric speciation
Definition
"together, within" species form w/ini home range of existing species. subpop becomes reproductively isolated from parent pop due to small change in ecological separation; common in plants which can double # of chromosome, polyploidy
Term
parapatric speciation
Definition
"near" occurs at a boundary between 2 pops. at this zone of contact hybrid form, ex. 2 species adapted to different soils meet and new species forms along zone where soil changes
Term
what does branch in tree represent?
Definition
line of decent from a common ancestor
Term
what does branch point represent?
Definition
time of divergence in microevolution
Term
punctuated equilibrium
Definition
periods of no change followed by periods punctuated by massive change
Term
adaptive radiation
Definition
burst of divergences from a single line
Term
relative dating
Definition
technique to determine the age of fossils relative to other fossils in different layers of rock
Term
absolute dating
Definition
rocks are made of elements, some radioactive, radioactive elements decay into nonradioactive elements at steady rate. think half life
Term
half life
Definition
the measurement for decay, length of time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay (THINK ABSOLUTE DATING)
Term
phylogeny
Definition
evolutionary history of a species
Term
divergent evolution
Definition
morphology changes from common ancestor; ex. forelimbs of organisms & homologous structures
Term
convergent evolution
Definition
independent evolution of body structure. different structure but similar function...do NOT share common ancestor. analogous structures. ex. wing of insect v wing of bat
Term
comparative biochemistry
Definition
molecular clocks, DNA comparison (compare nucleotide sequence) protein comparison (compare amino acids) ex. cytochrome c
Term
Biogeography
Definition
distribution of species in the world; continental drift (pangea), climate (ice age), extinction, (iridium rare on earth, common in meteorites)
Term
archaebacteria
Definition
unicellular prokaryotes; some autotrophic (chemosynthesis) others heterotrophic. live in harsh environments, include chemosynthetic bacteria
Term
eubacteria
Definition
monera, eu=true. unicellular prokaryotes, most are bacteria (germs) both auto and heterotroph.
Term
protista
Definition
include unicellular and a few multicellular eukaryotes. include amoebas
Term
fungi
Definition
eukaryotes, most multicellular. cell walls made out of chitin. heterotrophic and obtain nutrients by releasing digestic enzymes into food source. they act as either decomposers or as parasites; ex. molds and mushrooms
Term
three domain system
Definition
archaea, bacteria, eukaryota. new system sequences of rDNA to determine common ancestry
Term
virus structure
Definition
nucleic acid, protein coat (capsid), host specific: virus can only infect cells that have receptor site for viral protection (cold virus infects mucous membrane)
Term
lyric cycle (virus)
Definition
attachment, penetration/uncoating, synthesis of viral components, assembly of viral components, release of progeny virons (lysis)
Term
pathogen and examples of viruses
Definition
infectious disease causing agent, ex. small pox, ebola, hiv turns into aids (retrovirus),
Term
are viruses alive? how does it survive?
Definition
NO not alive, survives by requiring host to perform every biological function necessary, obligates intracellular parasites
Term
3 basic shapes of prokaryotes
Definition
coccus-spherical
bacillus-rod
spirillum-spiral
Term
3 types of prokaryotic growth
Definition
diplo-pairs
strepto-chains
staphlo-clusters
Term
what is a gram stain
Definition
crystal violet added, iodine binds dye to cell, acetone for decolorization; purple retain for gram positive, removed for gram negative
Term
what is safranin? what does it do?
Definition
it's a counterstain, stains gram- red, caused by difference in structure of cell wall. gram+ contains peptidoglycan. makes susceptivle to antibiotics/lysozymes, gram- contains lipopolysaccharide
Term
2 types of eubacteria
Definition
photoautotrophs-cynobacteria (bluegreen algae), undergo photosynthesis, can be anaerobic, aerobic or faculative (either way o2 gained)
chemoheterotrophs-feed on others; beneficial (ex azospirillum-nitrogen fixing) or pathogens which cause disease like botulism, paralyzes diaphragm
Term
3 types of archaebacteria
Definition
thermophiles-heat lovers
halophiles-salt lovers
methanogens-methane makers (anaerobic)
Term
symbiosis
Definition
close permamenant association between organisms of a different species (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism)
Term
Sarcodonia (Rhizopida)
Definition
ex. amoeba
shape-variable, habitat-free living & parasitic, moves-pseudopods, aquires oxygen & rids of wastes w/ diffusion
aquires food-phagocytosis, type of food eaten-host of parasite or unicellular organisms, how it digests food-vacuole
regulates water-contractile vacuole
reproduces-binary fission, -can form cysts, amoebic dysentery
Term
Ciliophora
Definition
ex. paramecium
shape-oval, habitat-free living, locomotion-cilia, gets oxygen & rids wastes-diffusion, how it gets food-forms food vacuoles around food taken in at oral groove, type of food eaten-unicellular organisms, how it digests food-food vacuole, regulates water-contractile vacuole, reproduces-binary fission & conjugation
-surrounded by pellicle
Term
Mastigophora (Zoomastigina)
Definition
ex. trypanosoma; blood parasite causes african sleeping sickness & invades nervous system, shape-elongated, habitat-free living & parasitic, locomotion- flagella, gets oxygen & rids
of wastes-diffusion, gets food-absorption, foods eaten-unicellular organisms or host of parasite, digests food-cytoplasm, regulates water-diffusion, reproduces-binary fission
-undulating membrane
Term
Sporzoa (Apicomplexa)
Definition
ex. toxoplasma gondii (sex cat, asex human) it causes birth defects
ex. plasmodium (malaria) vector is female anopheles mosquito
-Intracellular parasites
-alternate between sex/asex reproduction
Term
chrysophyta
Definition
-golden algae
-pigment fucoxanthin masks chlorophyll
-free living
-includes diatoms which have silicon shell
Term
3 types of algae
Definition
-phaeophyta: brown algae ex. giant kelp
-rhodophyta: red algae pigment phycobilians, ex. phytoplankton
-green algae, chlorophlyda ancestors of green plants and are unicellular and colonial; MAKE CELLULOSE AND CHLOROPHYLL
Term
Actinopods
Definition
are algae w/ ray feet, most plankton in this group
Term
Dinoflagellates
Definition
algae, have 2 flagella. red tide is toxic bloom
Supporting users have an ad free experience!