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Classical Period
Music History- Classical Period
151
Music
Undergraduate 3
02/04/2010

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Term
"Classical" signifies the "_______" or "________" music of the West as distinguished from ________ music, __________ music, jazz, and the traditional music of various ethnic cultures."
Definition
serious, art, folk, popular
Term
"Classical" with a capital C refers to music during these years: ___________. "Classical" derives from Laitn "classicus," meaning something of ____________.
Definition
1750-1820. of first rank or highest quality.
Term
This was the era of the _______ ________.
Definition
Common, person.
Term
People of this era wanted to emulate art, architecture, philosophy from ancient _______ and ________.
Definition
Greece, Rome.
Term
Art and architecture are considered "neo-classical." Why not music?
Definition
With art you can compare it to Greece and Rome and with music there is nothing to compare it to.
Term
The Enlightenment is also called the Age of _______ which gave way to the Age of _________ . Was this way of thinking in agreement with or in direct opposition to religious faith?
Definition
Reason, Revolution, opposition.
Term
What is Deism?
Definition
The creator made the world, set in motion, and has left alone ever since.
Term
What are the quakers known for?
Definition
Charity for the poor.
Term
Why did the rise of open journalism lead to open revolt?
Definition
express publicly what you want without the fear of reprisal or nobility.
Term
Contrast opera seria (baroque) with opera buffa (classical era).
Definition
seria- stiff, mythological, expensive. buffa- spoken dialogue, comedy, simple slapstick comedy, poked fun at nobility.
Term
Who could attend public concerts? ________. Why was this so new?
Definition
Anyone. because music used to be only for nobility.
Term
Name two Mozart operas which threatened nobility: __________ and __________. Why did they threaten nobility?
Definition
Don Giovanni, Marriage of Figaro. Rebellion.
Term
Why did opera comique (buffa) come on the scene?
Definition
Boredom with opera seria and they did this so people wouldn't leave during the intermission.
Term
Piano-forte means ________ / ________. What are three advantages of a piano over a harpsichord? 1. gradual ________ _________ 2. more ________ _________ 3. more __________
Definition
soft/loud. dynamic changes, subtle contrasts, power
Term
What did they do with the old harpsichords when the piano took over? They went to _______ for ________ __________.
Definition
homes for ordinary people for music lessons.
Term
What composer set the little folk song "Twinkle, Twinkle?"
Definition
Mozart!
Term
Classical composers did away with the basso _________ of the Baroque in favor of a pattern called the _______ _______.
Definition
Continuo, Alberti Bass.
Term
Composers concentrated less on dense counterpoint and more on creating charming _________. This is music you can _________.
Definition
melodies, whistle.
Term
Why did composers call for crescendos or diminuendos?
Definition
They gave classical music a new sense of urgency and drama. The listener feels a constant flux and flow, not unlike the swings of mood we experience in life.
Term
Why was "If you want to dance" from the "Marriage of Figaro" so revolutionary? ________. How did Mozart show the barber's changes in mood? ________.
Definition
It criticized the aristrocracy. It begins calm and becomes more anxious. We hear Figaro's agitation grow.
Term
What is a "trousers role" ?
Definition
Women playing a boy part.
Term
Vienna was called "A City of _______ and _______."
Definition
Music, palaces.
Term
Name the three major Classical Era composers who moved to Vienna:
Definition
Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven.
Term
Haydn's nickname was "______ _______" Why? For what is his best known piece (Emperor String Quartet) famous?
Definition
Papa Haydn. Everyone loved him! He helped a lot of music. His music is happy and cheerful. It was the Nazi national anthem.
Term
The powder room was for _______. Why?
Definition
Men. Because their attire was more ornate.
Term
Mozart's nickname was ______ genius.
Definition
Boy.
Term
What honor did Pope Clemont XIV bestow on Mozart (age 14) ______________. What did Mozart take illegally from the Vatican?
Definition
Collar of a knight of order of the golden spur. The Miserere. He listened to it and wrote it from his memory. It was a motet not to be used outside of the Vatican.
Term
Rules, rules, rules become _____.
Definition
Forms, forms, forms.
Term
Compare a novel with a symphony: Novel : ____ ____ ____ _____ ______ ______. Symphony: _____ ___ ___ ___ ___ ______.
Definition
Novel: chapters, sentences, paragraphs, words, letters, punctuation. Symphony: movements, sections, phrases, measures, notes/rests.
Term
What does ternary mean?
Definition
ABA
Term
What is Sonata-Allegro form?
Definition
optional Intro 1. exposition 2. development 3. recapitulation, optional coda.
Term
Symphony comes from what two words?
Definition
With (together) and hear
Term
How many movements in a symphony? What are they? Why are the first and last movements so fast?
Definition
4. Fast and serious, slow and lyrical, graceful/moderate, very fast and lively. To get people excited. Start happy, leave happy.
Term
What are three instrumental sections of an orchestra?
Definition
Strings, woodwinds, trumpets and sometimes drums.
Term
Define theme and variations.
Definition
musical form which a theme continually returns but is varied by changing the notes notes of a melody, the harmony, the rhythm or some other form of the music.
Term
Why should melodies chosen be "spare and uncluttered" ?
Definition
Melodies that are spare and uncluttered can easily be dressed in something else.
Term
Define Rondo.
Definition
coming again.
Term
Define finale.
Definition
The end.
Term
What is the Koeckel number?
Definition
It is an identifying number in chronological order.
Term
Where did the sinfonia originate before it was taken out and used on its own?
Definition
It was the overture to the operas.
Term
Why was Mozart's famous symphony premiered in a casino?
Definition
That's where the money and the people were.
Term
Why were concert halls so popular?
Definition
It was the center for music and life and entertainment of the masses.
Term
Typical symphony instruments in a large city?
Definition
strings, woodwinds, brasses, percussion (on festive pieces)
Term
Goethe compared the string quartet to a "______."
Definition
Conversation among four people.
Term
Haydn is called the _____.
Definition
Father of the string quartet.
Term
The string quartet uses how many players to a part? It has how many movements? Which are...?
Definition
One. Four. Fast, slow, minuet, fast.
Term
The sonata form is how many movements? What are they?
Definition
3. Fast slow fast.
Term
What explains the sudden popularity of the sonata? Who played them and where?
Definition
Piano. Amateur musicians - mostly women in the home.
Term
Why did people love to go to a solo concerto?
Definition
They wanted to hear a virtuostic player perform.
Term
What did Mozart have to do to make so much money producing public concerts?
Definition
Rent the hall, hire the orchestra, lead the rehearsal, attract the audience, sell tickets, compose music, appear as the soloist.
Term
Concertare means to:
Definition
Cooperate and fight against.
Term
Why did you need a double exposition form?
Definition
One for the orchestra and one for the soloist.
Term
How did you know a cadenza was beginning and how did the orchestra know when to come back in?
Definition
The orchestra stopped playing and the soloist took off after the trill.
Term
What did the book mean by "anything you can do, I can do better?"
Definition
the soloist and orchestra are constantly competing.
Term
Why did the public like the opera more than the oratorio and the Mass?
Definition
It offered glamour and excitement of the theater.
Term
"Opera is drama, yes, but drama _____ ___ ______."
Definition
Propelled by music.
Term
Compare Baroque and Classic era opera story lines.
Definition
Baroque: statue-like gods, ruler is always the hero. Classical: more natural, realistic characters.
Term
What were the two purposes of the introduction of the vocal ensemble?
Definition
Allows plot to unfold more quickly. 3 or more characters can express their own emotions.
Term
Sometimes Mozart used Singspiel rather than recitative. What is it?
Definition
Made up of spoken dialogue or songs.
Term
Briefly, what is the story line of Don Gionvanni?
Definition
amoral philander who seduces and murders.
Term
What is a "patter song," and for what purpose was it used?
Definition
Rapid fire pronunciation.. used for comic operas.
Term
Classical Era according to Music Appreciation:
Definition
1750-1820
Term
Classical Era according to textbook:
Definition
1750-1820
Term
Immanuel Kant defined Enlightenment as "the inability to use one's understanding without _______ _____ _______." This meant to attack such established institutions as the ___________ and the ___________.
Definition
guidance from another. monarchy and institutions.
Term
John Lock stated, "If the government violates contract with oppressive policies, the governed have a right to ________ and __________ it.
Definition
Rebel and replace.
Term
Name the principal war in Europe during this period:
Definition
French Rev - 1789.
Term
What was the american conflict in this time?
Definition
The American Revolution. 1775-1781.
Term
What famous American document is steeped in the Enlightenment thinking?
Definition
The declaration of independence.
Term
Name two most famous American leaders who were exponents of the Enlightenment.
Definition
Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson.
Term
The Industrial Revolution was "driven by _____ ______."
Definition
New technology.
Term
John Kay
Definition
Flying shuttle.
Term
James Hargreave
Definition
spinning jenny.
Term
Eli Whitney
Definition
cotton gin.
Term
James Watt
Definition
improved steam engine.
Term
Thomas Newcomen
Definition
steam engine.
Term
Why did this revolution cause such horrible diseases and living conditions?
Definition
Because there were so many people crammed together and the employees had to work long days.
Term
Factories had to be located where they had access to _____, not just water.
Definition
Coal.
Term
Improved manufacturing techniques made what instrument "increasingly affordable to the masses"?
Definition
Piano.
Term
Why did a great number of periodicals spring up?
Definition
Because people wanted to learn how to play - especially the women at home. It was also easier, more efficient, and cheaper with the new technologies.
Term
Compare the source of Haydn's income to Mozart's.
Definition
Haydn was very successful financially whereas Mozart was always looking for more money and he was known to have a gambling problem.
Term
What was Vienna to composers such as Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven?
Definition
The musical center.
Term
Why was it important that "Histories of Music" be collated?
Definition
It exposed the common people to musical repertoires that they had never heard of.
Term
People living in this era did not consider to have the label of Classical, but rather they thought themselves as ________ composers writing in the ________ style."
Definition
Modern, modern.
Term
It would have been unusual during the Classical period to hear music written more than a _______ before.
Definition
Generation.
Term
"Music, like a painting, has but a single goal: _____.
Definition
To present to the mind the truth of nature. By Dubos.
Term
Why did Bach's sons consider JS Bach's music old-fashioned?
Definition
It was too ornate and elaborate.
Term
NATURE:
Definition
Genius, inspiration, unconscious, effortless, divine, not teachable.
Term
ART:
Definition
Technique, craft, conscious, hard work, human, teachable.
Term
What did Mozart say about his girl pupil?
Definition
She was very good at playing her pieces but could not compose well.
Term
One early marker of classical style is the emergence of genuine ___________ - in which a subordinate _______ or ________ support a single prominent _______ _______ -- as opposed to _______ ________ of the Baroque Era.
Definition
homophony, voice or voices, melodic line, continuo homophony.
Term
The two new syntactic structure to emerge in the Classical era was the ________ form as well as the ______ form.
Definition
Rondo, Sonata.
Term
Harmonic rhythm in Baroque changed from beat to beat. In the Classical era, the shifts "occur less frequently - only _____ or ______ in a measure.
Definition
Once or twice.
Term
The ________ between tonic and dominant become particularly strong during the Classical era.
Definition
polarity.
Term
In what way were pieces by Haydn unpredictable?
Definition
Weird phrasing with periodical pauses.
Term
Sonata form?
Definition
Expo, develop, recap, coda.
Term
Coda is Italian for ____.
Definition
Tail.
Term
Define alberti bass and tell how it is different from Basso Continuo.
Definition
An arpeggiation of the bass; slower harmonic rhythm.
Term
Name JS Bach's two most famous composer sons.
Definition
JC Bach, CPE Bach.
Term
What did JC Bach do which his father never did?
Definition
He travelled outside of Germany.
Term
Fantasia:
Definition
It provides a non-predictable framework for the audience.
Term
In the classical era, vocal music still retained its supremacy. Without a ____ _________ music could appeal only to the ________ (the so-called language of the ______ ) whereas ______ music- sacred or secular -- could appeal to both _____ and _____ at once.
Definition
text, instrumental, emotions, heart, vocal, heart, mind.
Term
Why were the most talented singers the focus of gossip and adulation?
Definition
They were celebrities!
Term
What was the start of opera buffa? ______ They would perform ______ between acts.
Definition
Opera seria. Skits.
Term
It's subject was ______ (opera buffa) as opposed to ______ (opera seria).
Definition
Humerous. Serious.
Term
The libretto of the typical opera buffa centered on:
Definition
everyday characters.
Term
Emphasized ensemble singing:
Definition
opera buffa.
Term
avoided da capo arias:
Definition
opera buffa
Term
included basses:
Definition
opera buffa
Term
centered on rules, heroes and gods
Definition
opera seria
Term
emphasized solo singing
Definition
opera seria
Term
centered on everyday characters
Definition
opera buffa
Term
included castrati
Definition
opera seria
Term
Basically, what was the "war of the baffons"?
Definition
Making fun of royalty. (newspapers- you can write whatever you want.)
Term
Why was the war of the baffoons a foresight of the French Revolution?
Definition
Because they were trying to fight/overthrow the aristocracy.
Term
People of this time were fascinated by the turkish themes. What were they and why?
Definition
It was something different.. something new. The instruments.
Term
Why were people of this era so upset with Italian opera?
Definition
They wanted real people - they were sick of the seriousness, they were sick of seeing the nobility as heroes in the operas.
Term
What are some principal features of reform opera as opposed to opera seria?
Definition
no da capo arias, little or no opportunity for vocal improv or virtuostic displays of vocal agility or power, far less repetition or text within an aria, accompanied recitative instead of secco recit (dry recit)
Term
Why more prominence for the chorus?
Definition
Because the operas were about real life townspeople. They made comments and such.
Term
Lyrics before ____
Definition
Music.
Term
Gluck was to be heir-apparent to _____ and ______. Wagner considered Gluck to be his forerunner. Why?
Definition
Rameau and Lully. Wagner wanted drama and music at the same time.
Term
How old was Mozart when he died?
Definition
35
Term
Mozart's 3 most famous operas?
Definition
the Marriage of figaro, Don Giovanni, The Magic Flute
Term
In their orchestration, melodic style, and demand for ____ ______, the works of Haydn, Mozart and others are hard to distinguish from their ________________.
Definition
Vocal virtuosity, secular theatrical works.
Term
The setting for songs is _______ and largely ________. Both the vocal and piano parts are ______ ______ and ________.
Definition
strophic, syllabic, straight forward, undemanding.
Term
Why did people of this time still consider vocal music superior to purely instrumental music?
Definition
Instrumental music was pleasing to the ears but it didn't have anything to say- it didnt "embody concepts of reason."
Term
Name and describe the parts of Koch's musical sentence :
Definition
every sentence must have a subject and a predicate. Antecedent and consequent.
Term
What is unity in variety? " A sufficient degree of _____ with an _______ _______.
Definition
contrast, integrated whole.
Term
What are some other ways to say "Hauptsatz" other than "theme"?
Definition
Topic sentence, head sentence.
Term
What were the four most important genres in the classical era?
Definition
String quartet, symphony, concerto, sonata.
Term
Movement 1:
Definition
fast . sonata/rondo
Term
movement 2:
Definition
slow. sonata/t&v/ ABA
Term
Movement 3:
Definition
lively. minuet proper/trio
Term
Movement 4:
Definition
fast. sonata/rondo
Term
Define minuet.
Definition
in triple meter. two binary forms - minuet proper and trio.
Term
Define rondo:
Definition
ABACADA. Alternating recurring theme. Like that castle.
Term
Describe the keyboard sonata at mid century. It is ____ textured and ______ in scale, can be played equally well on _______ or _______, and places only limited _____ ________ on the performer.
Definition
light, small, harpsichord or piano, technical demands.
Term
What are the characteristics of Sturm und Drang? _____ mode. large ______ ______, jagged _______ and sudden _______ _______. Heightened _______ intensity and _______.
Definition
Minor. melodic leaps, syncopations, dynamic contrasts. emotional, drama.
Term
What instruments are used in the string quartet?
Definition
2 violins, a viola, and a violoncello.
Term
In relation to the string quartet: they are in the same ______ and it has no _____ _______.
Definition
Family. Basso Continuo.
Term
Contemporaries compared a good quartet to :
Definition
An intimate conversation among a close group of friends in which people exchange ideas.
Term
How many movements in a string quartet?
Definition
3, 4, or 5.. but usually 4.
Term
In the early decades of the 18th century the terms _____ and ______ were synonymous. Why?
Definition
they were the same thing?
Term
A recent scholar catalogued how many symphonies written between 1720-1810?
Definition
12,000.
Term
What are the turkish instruments?
Definition
Bass drum, cymbals, tambourines, triangle.
Term
Four major cities?
Definition
Berlin, Vienna, Paris, London.
Term
Define sublime as opposed to beautiful:
Definition
beautiful was pleasing and sublime was imposing, powerful and frightening.
Term
Haydn taught:
Definition
Mozart and Beethoven.
Term
Beethoven claimed he learned _____ from Haydn.
Definition
Nothing.
Term
Concerto:
Definition
3 Movements. Fast slow fast.
Term
The cadenzas in every ____ were expected to be ____ of intense _______ giving performers free rein to ______ their ______.
Definition
movement, moments, improv, exercise, fancy.
Term
To the modern ears, it may seem strange to hear the soloist ____ repeatedly from _____ to ______. this did not change until Beethoven.
Definition
shift, foreground, backgroud.
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