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Chpt. 6
Learning
40
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/10/2012

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Term
Learning
Definition

relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that us due to experience

shapes personal habits, personality traits, prefrences, and emotional responses

Term
Conditioning
Definition

learning associations between evets that occur in an organisms enviorment

classical vs. opperant

Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition

Pavlovian

stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a responce that was origionally evoked by another stimulus

Term
Neutral
Definition
has no association
Term
unconditioned association
Definition

something that occurs naturally

relationship doesnt have to be learned

Term
Conditioned Association
Definition

something that does not regulalry occur

relationship must be learned

Term
Trial
Definition
presentation of stimulus
Term
neutral Stimulus
Definition
causes no responce
Term
unconditioned stimulus
Definition
evokes natural responce
Term
unconditioned response
Definition
unlearned response to unconditioned stim.
Term
conditioned stimulus
Definition

previously neutral stim.

after conditioning evokes a conditioned response

Term
conditioned Response
Definition
learned reaction to conditioned stim.
Term
Classical Conditioning Cycle
Definition

Before Conditioning:

food(unconditioned stim.)= saliva (unconditiones resp.)

bell(neutral stim.)+food(unconditioned stim.)=saliva (unconditioned resp.)

After Conditioning:

bell (conditioned stim.) = saliva (conditioned resp.)

Term
Acquisition
Definition

initial stage of learning

stimulus contiguity

best for stimuli that are new, unusual, and intense

Term
Extinction
Definition

weakening of conditioned resp.

happens when there is a presentation of CS w/out US

Term
Spontaneous Recovery
Definition
reapearance of extinguished responce after period of nonexposure to CS
Term
Renewal Effect
Definition

if response extinguoeshed in dif. context,

it will be renewed in origional learned context

not unlearning

Term
Stimulus Generalization
Definition

learned responce to a stim.

but responds the same way to similar stimuli

increases as stimuli become closer to origional

Term
Stimulus Discrimination
Definition

learned response does not generalize

 

Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition

B.F. Skinner

organisms tend to repeat resp. followed by favorable consequence

they tend to not repeat resp. followed by neutral or negative consequences

all for voluntary responses

Term
reinforcement
Definition
an event following a responce increases the organisms tendency to repeat the resp.
Term
Skinner Box
Definition

operant chamber

animal can make a specific responce

consequences are controlled

reported via cumulative recorder

Term
reinforcement contigencies
Definition
rules that determine when responces are reinforced
Term
responce rate
Definition
animals' rate of engagin in behavior
Term
acquisition
Definition
formulation of responces
Term
shaping
Definition

reinforcement of closer aproximantions of desired responce

used when resp. is not natural

Term
extinction
Definition

weakening of a resp. w/ reinforcement

resistance to extinction

Term
Discriminative Stimulus
Definition
cues that influence operant behavior by indicating proabale consequences of a resp.
Term
Primary Reinforcers
Definition

biological needs:

food, water, sex

Term
Secondary Reinforcer
Definition

learned needs:

ex. money

Term
Reinforcement Schedules
Definition

conitinuous- everytime

intermitted- fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval

Term
Reinforcement
Definition

increased likelihood of responces in the future

positive- increase reward stim.

negative- decrease aversive stim., escape and avoidance learning

Term
Punishment
Definition

decrease likelihood of resp. in the future

posistive- increase aversive stim. ex. spanking

negative- decrease rewarding stim. ex. taking away toys

Term
Conditioned Taste Aversion
Definition

gastrointestinal upset to a food or drink results in not wanting to consume it again

only need 1 exposure

only occurs to taste and smell

Term
preparedness
Definition

species-specific predispositions to be continued in certain ways and not others

certain phobias are more common becuase they were genuine threats to early humans and fear of it increased survival

Term
Latent Learning
Definition

learning is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs

learning can take place in absence of reinforcement

Term
Signal Relations
Definition

conditioned stimulus with more predictive value (100% vs. 50%) elicited stronger fear responce

classical conditioning may involve info processing

Term
Response- Outcome Relations Reinforcement
Definition

people logically deduce which behavior likely caused outcome

only behavior likely to have caused outcome is strengthened

Term
observational learning
Definition

organisms responding is influenced be observing others

basic processes:

attention

retention

reproduction

motivation

Term
Transmittion of Aggression through Modeling and Imititation
Definition

Hyp- males will be more aggresive, the kids will imitate the models, boys will model after boy model and girls will model after girl model

subject- toddlers

ind. Variable- model was or was not aggresive

dep. Variable- level of aggresion (full or partial), imitative, physical or verbal

between subject design

Conclusion: kids imitated both the aggresive and nonaggresive models, males were more aggresive, both sexes modeled after male

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