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Chp. 9: The Endocrine System
Chapter Review
37
Biology
Undergraduate 1
03/06/2012

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Term
Pineal Body
Definition

Hormone: Melatonin

Chemical class: Amine

Representative actions: Involved in biological rhythms (daily and seasonal)

Regulated by: Light/dark cycles

Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
Hormones released by the posterior pituitary; releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary.
Term
Pituitary Gland (Posterior lobe - releases hormones made by the hypothalamus)
Definition

Hormone: Oxytocin

Chemical class: Peptide

Representative actions: Stimulates contraction of uterus and the milk "let-down' reflex

Regulated by: Nervous system (hypothalamus) in response to uterine stretching and/or suckling of a baby.

Term
Gland: Pituitary Gland (Posterior lobe - releases hormones made by the hypothalamus)
Definition

Hormone: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Chemical class: Peptide

Representative actions: Promotes retention of water by kidneys

Regulated by: Hypothalamus in response to water/salt imbalance.

Term
Pituitary Gland (Anterior Lobe)
Definition

Hormone: Growth Hormone (GH)

Chemical class: Protein

Representative actions: Stimulates growth (especially of bones and muscles) and metabolism

Regulated by: Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones

Term
Pituitary Gland (Anterior lobe)
Definition

Hormone: Prolactin (PRL)

Chemical class: Protein

Representative actions: Stimulates milk production Regulated by: Hypothalamic hormones

Term
Pituitary Gland (Anterior lobe)
Definition

Hormone: Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Chemical class: Protein

Representative actions: Stimulates ovaries and testes

Regulated by: Hypothalamic hormones

Term
Pituitary Gland (Anterior Lobe)
Definition

Hormone: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Chemical class: Protein

Representative actions: Stimulates thyroid gland

Regulated by: Thyroxine in blood; hypothalamic hormones

Term
Pituitary Gland (Anterior Lobe)
Definition

Hormone: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Chemical class: Protein

Representative actions: Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

Regulated by: Glucocorticoids; hypothalamic hormones

Term
Thyroid gland
Definition

Hormone: Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

Chemical class: Amine

Representative actions: Stimulates metabolism

Regulated by: TSH

Term
Thyroid gland
Definition

Hormone: Calcitonin

Chemical class: Peptide

Representative actions: Reduces blood calcium level

Regulated by:Calcium level in blood

Term
Parathyroid glands
Definition

Hormone: Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Chemical class: Peptide

Representative actions: Raises blood calcium level

Regulated by: Calcium level in blood

Term
Thymus gland
Definition

Hormone: Thymosin

Chemical class: Peptide

Representative actions: "Programs" T lymphocytes

Regulated by: Not known

Term
Adrenal glands: Adrenal Medulla
Definition

Hormone: Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Chemical class: Amines

Representative actions: Raise blood glucose level; increase rate of metabolism; constrict certain blood vessels

Regulated by: Nervous system (sympathetic division)

Term
Adrenal glands: Adrenal cortex
Definition

Hormone1: Glucocorticoids

Chemical class1: Steroids

Representative actions1: Increase blood glucose

Regulated by1: ACTH

Hormone2: Mineralocorticoids

Chemical class2: Steroids

Representative actions2: Promote reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+ in kidneys

Regulated by2: Changes in blood volume or blood presure; K+ (potassium) or Na+ levels in blood

Term
Pancreas
Definition

Hormone1: Insulin

 

Chemical class1: Protein

 

Representative actions1: Reduces blood glucose

 

Regulated by1: Glucose level in blood

 

Hormone2: Glucagon

 

Chemical class2: Protien

 

Representative actions2: Raises blood glucose

 

Regulated by2: Glucose level in blood

 

Term
Testes
Definition

Hormone1: Androgens

 

Chemical class1: Steroids

 

Representative actions1: Support sperm formation; development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics

 

Regulated by1: FSH and LH

 

 

 

Term
Ovaries
Definition

Hormone1: Estrogens

 

Chemical class1: Steroids

 

Representative actions1: Stimulate uterine lining growth; development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics

 

Regulated by1: FSH and LH

 

Hormone2: Progesterone

 

Chemical class2: Steroids

 

Representative actions2: Promotes growth of uterine lining

 

Regulated by2: FSH and LH

 

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The Endocrine System and Hormone Function - An Overview
Definition
1. The endocrine system is a major controlling system of the body. Through hormones, it stimulates such long-term processes as growth and development, metabolism, reproduction, and body defense.
2. Endocrine organs are small and widely separated in the body. Some are part of mixed glands (both endocrine and exocrine in function). Others are purely hormone producing.
3. Nearly all hormones are amino acid based or steroids.
4. Endocrine organs are activated to release their hormones into the blood by hormonal, humoral, or neural stimuli. Negative feedback is important in regulating hormone levels in the blood.
5. Bloodborne hormones alter the metabolic activities of their target organs. The ability of a target organ to respond to a hormone depends on the presence of receptors in or on its cells to which the hormone binds or attaches
6. Amino acid-based hormones act through second messengers. Steroid hormones directly influence the target cells DNA.
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