Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Cholinergic & Adrenergic Pharm
UC MED 2015
48
Medical
Graduate
11/27/2011

Additional Medical Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Where can ACh act?
Definition
1) Sympathetic ganglia
2) Parasympathetic ganglia
3) Adrenal medulla
4) Skeletal muscle
5) GI smooth muscle
Term
Ganglionic blockers can:
Definition
1) Decrease EP release from the adrenal medulla
2) Decrease NE release from postganglionic sympathetic nerve terminals
Term
At rest ganglionic blockade will result in which of the following results?
Definition
1) Mydriasis
2) Tachycardia
3) Bronchial dilatation
4) Constipation
5) Decreased salivation
Term
Agent X causes diarrhea in a laboratory rat. Plasma levels of acetylcholine (ACh) are elevated. Which of the following would be a LIKELY mechanism of action of Agent X?
Definition
Decreased breakdown of ACh by AChesterase inhibitor
Term
What us rate limiting in ACh synthesis?
Definition
Choline uptake
Term
AChesterase breaks down ACh into what?
Definition
Acetate and Choline
Term
What is true concerning AChesterase inhibitors?
Definition
1) To be effective, ACh needs to be present
2) Can be short, intermediate, or long acting
3) Can cause miosis
4) Treatment of overdose could include a muscarinic receptor antagonist
Term
What type of AChesterase Inhibitor binds to active site but no covalent bond formation (not hydrolyzed); (FYI:edrophonium: diagnosis of myasthenia gravis)?
Definition
Readily reversible
Term
What type of AChesterase Inhibitor has covalent bond formation and then bond hydrolyzed- carbamates; (FYI: neostigmine, pyridostigmine, physostigmine)?
Definition
Intermediate reversible rate
Term
What type of AChesterase Inhibitor has non-hydrolysable covalent bond-organosphosphate: (FYI: echothiophate; wide angle glaucoma)?
Definition
Irreversible
Term
What are the two ways to reverse effects of an AChesterase inhibitor?
Definition
1) Block the effects of ACh at the muscarinic receptors
2) Regenerate active AChesterase (remove the inhibition due to organophosphate exposure)
Term
What drug will block the effects of ACh at the muscarinic receptors?
Definition
Atropine
Term
What is true concerning muscarinic receptor agonists?
Definition
1) Muscarinic effects can result from plant/fungal ingestion
2) Can be chemically synthesized "choline esters"
3) Can cause lacrimation
Term
What are some characteristics of muscarinic antagonists?
Definition
-Anti-muscarinic effects can result from plan ingestion (alkaloids)
-Symptoms can include hot as a hare, blind as a bat, dry as a bone, red as a beet, mad as a hatter
-effects can be mimicked by antihistamines
Term
What are the sites of action for Nicotine (ganglionic stimulation)?
Definition
Ganglia of both sympathetic and parasympathetic
Adrenal medulla
Skeletal muscles
Chemoreceptors
Baroreceptors
Term
Nicotine is dose-dependent, what happens with a low dose?
Definition
stimulation
Term
Nicotine is dose-dependent, what happens with a high dose?
Definition
depolarization blockade
Term
What causes this...


Central and Peripheral Effects

Nausea, vomiting, mental confusion
Diarrhea, salivation, sweating
Fluctuations in blood pressure & heart rate
Weakness of peripheral muscles
Difficulty breathing
Hypotension (severe cases)
Definition
Nicotine higher dose such as in Green Tobacco Sickness
Term
Inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase would decrease the formation of what?
Definition
1) DOPA
2) Dopamine
3) NE
4) EP
Term
The mechanism for termination of the action of NE released from the postgnaglionic sympathetic neuroeffector junction is?
Definition
Reutake into the nerve
Term
What are some drugs that inhibit the reuptake of NE into the nerve terminal?
Definition
-Imipramine "tricyclic" antidepressant
-Cocaine: central stimulant
Term
What is the of Tyramine with concomitant MAO inhibition?
Definition
-decreased NE breakdown in nerve terminal
-decreased tyramine breakdown in nerve terminal
-increased circulating tyramine due to less MAO metabolism in intestinal mucosa and liver
-OVERALL: increased NE release by tyramine in presence of MAO inhibitor can lead to elevated BP
Term
What is extracted from root of Rauwolfia and depletes vesicles of NE
Definition
Reserpine
Term
What is the order of receptivity to NE, EP, and ISO(Isoproterenol in alpha 1 and 2 receptors?
Definition
EP≥NE>>ISO
Term
What is the order of receptivity to NE, EP, and ISO(Isoproterenol to ß1 receptors?
Definition
ISO>EP=NE
Term
What is the order of receptivity to NE, EP, and ISO(Isoproterenol ß2 receptors?
Definition
ISO>EP>>NE
Term
What are the receptors on the SA node?
Definition
ß1-major receptor
ß2- minor receptor

M- Parasympathetic effects
Term
What are the receptors on Vascular smooth muscle and what is the effect of each one?
Definition
alpha 1- constriction
Beta 2- relaxation
Term
If you give a person NE, what will be the expected effect on Vascular smooth muscle?
Definition
Will bind to alpha 1 more favorably since greater potency will affect this, so will have constriction
Term
If you give a person ISO, what will be the expected effect on Vascular smooth muscle?
Definition
Will bind to ß2 more favorably, so will have relaxation of the smooth muscle
Term
If you give a person EP, what will be the expected effect on Vascular smooth muscle?
Definition
Response depends on:
-Dose of EP (higher potency at ß than a)
-Relative number of ß vs a receptors
Term
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic are what type of terms?
Definition
anatomical
Term
Adrenergic (catecholamines) and Cholinergic (ACh) refer to?
Definition
neurotransmitter
Term
Adrenergic receptors are named?
Definition
Alpha (1,2, etc) and Beta (1,2, etc)
Term
Cholinergic receptors are named?
Definition
Muscarinic (M1, M2, etc) or Nicotinic (Nn, Nm, Ng, etc)
Term
The ANS has how many neurons in the path from the CNS to target organ?
Definition
two
Term
The SNS has how many neurons in the path from the CNS to target?
Definition
one
Term
In terms of ganglionic blockade, what tissues are predominately under parasympathetic (cholinergic) tone?
Definition
Myocardium- SA node- if inhibited Tachycardia
Term
In terms of ganglionic blockade, what tissues are predominately under sympathetic (adrenergic) tone?
Definition
Myocardium- ventricles- if inhibited will have decrease in contractile force
Term
Heart output is mainly controlled by?
Definition
Sympathetic tone largely ß1
Term
ß1 agonist has what effect?
Definition
Increase heart output
Term
ß1 antagonist has what effect?
Definition
Prevent increase in heart output by ß1 agonists
Term
Airways are mostly controlled by what?
Definition
sympathetic tone largely ß2
Term
ß2 agonist has what effect?
Definition
Dilate airways, decrease resistance
Term
ß2 antagonist has what effect?
Definition
Constrict airways, increase resistance
Term
Blood vessels are largely controlled by?
Definition
sympathetic tone largely alpha1(varies between vascular beds)
Term
Alpha1 agonist has what effect?
Definition
constrict vessels, increase BP
Term
Alpha1 antagonist has what effect?
Definition
Dilate blood vessels, decrease BP
Supporting users have an ad free experience!