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Chloramphenicol
packet
105
Medical
Pre-School
07/14/2012

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Term
Broad spectrum: anerobic gram positive and gram negative organisms + aerobic
Definition
chloramphenicol
Term
Excellent activity vs. Haemophilus influenze, Neisseria meningitids, and Bacteroides
Definition
chloramphenicol
Term
Not active vs. Chlamydia (except for Chlamydia psittaci, psittacosis)
Definition
chloramphenicol
Term
bactericidial or bacteriostastic depending on organism
Definition
chloramphenicol
Term
Back up agent for:
Bacteriodies
Chlamydia psittaci
Ricketssia (RMSF and typhus fever)
Definition
chloramphenicol
Term
Third line agent:
Meningitis (Haemophilus influenze, Neisseria meningitidis, Strep pneumo, Campylobacter fetus)

-pts w/ life treatening allergies to B lactams
-meningitis due to B lactam resistant strains
Definition
chloramphenicol
Term
empirical therapy for bacterial meningitis and enchepalitis in children (1 month to 15 years ) in combo w/ ampicillin
Definition
chloramphenicol
Term
chloramphenicol is combined w/ this for empirical therapy of bacterial meningitis and enchephalitis in children (1 month to 15 years)
Definition
ampicillin
Term
Indicated for severe Salmonella infections (typhoid fever and bactgeremia)
-cholera
-brucellosis
-Tularemia
-Plague
Definition
chloramphenicol
Term
resistance is plasmid mediated
-forming of inactivatig acetyl transferases
-prevents agent entering microorganism (foundation of multidrug resistance)
Definition
chloramphenicol
Term
easily traverses placental and blood brain barrier entering CSF

extensively distributed throughout tissues (brain may = serum [])
Definition
chloramphenicol
Term
hepatic mixed function oxidases are inhibited
Definition
chloramphenicol
Term
glucuronidated in liver
glucuronide is secreted by renal tubules

*small amount of parent drug eliminated through glomerular filtration
Definition
chloramphenicol
Term
candida overgrowth may develop on mucous membranes
Definition
chloramphenicol
Term
bone marrow disturbances, hypersensitivity reactions (gray baby), GI upsets
Definition
chloramphenicol
Term
inhibits metabolism of
warfarin
phenytonin
coumarin
tolbutamide
chlorpropamide
by inhibiting certain hepatic mixed function oxidases

can increase serum levels leading to potentiation of actions
Definition
chloramphenicol
Term
binds to site on 50s ribosome inhibiting translocation steps of protein synthesis
Definition
clindamycin
Term
aerobes: only active vs gram +
anaerobes: gram neg and gram positive
Definition
clindamycin
Term
Primary treatment infections due to anerobic bacteria (Bacteroides fragilis) freq. asoc. w/ abdominal infections due to trauma
Definition
clindamycin
Term
treatment for certain infections (skin, oral, soft tissue) causes by susceptible strains of streptococi, staphylococci, pneumococci that are resistant to less toxic agents
Definition
clindamycin
Term
good activity vs certain protozoal infections like Pneumocystis jiroveci, toxoplasma gondii, and BABESIA
Definition
clindamycin
Term
First line for bacteroides (along w/ cefoxitin)
Definition
clindamycin
Term
First line for fusobacterium infections
Definition
clindamycin
Term
Other indications:
-acne
-Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (w/ primaquine)
-Gas gangrene (clos. perfringens)
-Tetanus (clostridum tetani)
-RTIs (strep pneumo)
Definition
clindamycin
Term
Indicated in refractory bone infections
Definition
clindamycin
Term
reccomended for prophylaxis of endocarditis in pts w/ valvular disease that are penicillin allergic
Definition
clindamycin
Term
C diff exhibits intrinsic resistance to
Definition
clindamycin
Term
Three mechanisms contribute to resistance:
1) incresased efflux/decreased perm
2) Decreased affinity for target site
3) enzymatic inactivation
Definition
clindamycin
Term
well absorbed by topical, oral, or IV
well distributed in all body fluids but CSF
-penetrates bone
Definition
clindamycin
Term
extensively oxidized to inactive produts by liver

exreted to bile eliminated in feces

small amounts by glomerular filtration

accumulation can occur in patietns with EITHER RENAL or HEPATIC FAILURE
Definition
clindamcyin
Term
-skin rashes
-impaired hepatic function
-PM colitis
Definition
clindamycin
Term
topical antibacterial agent as ointment, cream, or intranasal. Primarily employed for treatment of G+ infections including MRSA
Definition
Mupirocin
Term
inhibits bacterial protein synthesis via unique mechanism of action no cross resistance.
Definition
Mupirocin
Term
REVRSIBLY inhibits bacterial isoleucyl tranfer -RNA synthetase
Definition
Mupirocin
Term
Bactericidal vs gram positive coci only
Definition
Mupirocin
Term
Secondarily infected traumatic skin lesions and impetigo due to suscept gram positive cocci
Definition
Mupirocin
Term
eradication of nasal colonization with MRSA in patients and health care workers (intranasal application)
Definition
Mupirocin
Term
Rarely resistance occurs
if it does
due to altered bacterial isoleucyl tRNA
Definition
Mupirocin
Term
related structurally to Aminoglycosides. Lacks amino sugars and glycosidic bonds present.
Definition
Spectinomycin
Term
clinically available as dihydrochloride pentahydrate for IM injection
Definition
Spectinomycin
Term
Active vs. many gram positive and gram negative organisms
BUT
EXCLUSIVELY as optional treatment for gonorrhea
Definition
Spectinomycin
Term
resistance due to mutations w/ modifying enzyme
Definition
Spectinomycin
Term
No cross resistance w/ cephalosporins, fluroquinolones, or tetracyclines
Definition
Spectinomycin
Term
apidly absorbed following IM
rapidly excreted by glomerular
Definition
Spectinomycin
Term
Adverse:
Nasuea and vomiting, Fever, Nephrotoxicity, Anemia
Definition
Spectinomycin
Term
is required for both purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis and for methylation reactoin of various amino acids required for cellular prolieration.
Definition
Tetrahydrofolate
Term
Inhibits folic acid synthesis and is classified as a folate antagonist
Definition
Sulfonamides
Term
all are synthetic analogs of PABA.
Definition
Sulfonamides
Term
Bacteriostatic vs many gram positive and gram negative organisms
Definition
Sulfonamides
Term
Bacteriostatic vs many gram positive and gram negative organisms:
strep pyo and pnemo
anthrax
proteus
e coli
klebsiella
enterobacter
haemophilus influenze
haemophilus ducreyi
salmonella/shigella
Calymmatobacterium (ganruloma inguinale)
chlamyida trachomatis
pneumocystis jiroveci
actinoyces
nocardia
Definition
Sulfonamides
Term
typical clinical applications
-urinary tract infections
-toxoplasmosis
-inflammatory bowel disease
-burn sepsis
-inclusion conjunctivitis
-trachoma
-pneumonia
-nocardiosis
Definition
Sulfonamides
Term
short acting sulfonamide 6-9 hr half life
Definition
sulfisoxazole
Term
intermediate acting sulfonamides 10-12 hours
Definition
sulfamethoxazole and sulfadiazine
Term
highly water soluble, reduced renal toxicity, low incidence of crystalluria
-UTIS
-no longer available as a single agent
Definition
Sulfisoxazole
Term
otitis media (haemophilus influenzae) in children
Definition
Sulfisoxazole acetyl + erythromycin (ESP)
Term
absorbed and excreted slower than sulfisoxazole
crystalluria from *insoluble* acetylated metabolite common
-no longer available as a single agent
Definition
Sulfamethoxazole
Term
syndergistic antimicrobial actions
Definition
Sulfamethoxazole + Trimethoprim (Bactrim, Sulfatrim)
Term
Sulfonamide accumulates in CSF
Crystalluria from insoluble acetylated metabolite common
Definition
Sulfadiazine
Term
synergistic antimicrobial actions
for toxoplasmosis
folinic acid (leucovorin) to reduce bone marrow supression
Definition
Sulfadiazine + Pyrimethamine
Term
Oral non absorbable sulfonamide
Definition
Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine, Sulfazine)
Term
poorly absorbed from GI tract
Definition
Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine, Sulfazine)
Term
Degraded by intestinal bacteria to sulfapyridine (an active sulfonamide) and 5-aminosalicylate (anti inflammatory agent), which accumulates in feces for management of IBD
Definition
Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine, Sulfazine)
Term
treats ulcerative colitis, granulomatous colitis, regional enteritis, management of IBD
Definition
Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine, Sulfazine)
Term
Toxicity includes hemolysis, agranulocytosis,and skin rash
Definition
Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine, Sulfazine)
Term
Topical sulfonamides
Definition
Sulfacetamide (Bleph-10, Ovace) and Silver sulfadiazine (Silvadene)
Term
Topically for ocular infections
acne
susceptible bacterial skin infections
Definition
Sulfacetamide (Bleph-10, Ovace)
Term
Topically for preventing burn infections
Adverse effects include allergic reactions, burning, itching
Definition
Silver sulfadiazine (Silvadene)
Term
Resistance:
plasmid transfers/random mutations
4 ways:
1) altered target protein: DHPS
2) decreased perm
3) enzymatic inactivation
4) increased synthesis of PABA
Definition
Sulfonamides
Term
cross resistance exists among the
Definition
Sulfonamides
Term
most sulfonamides have excellent oral bioavailablility except for ___
administered orally or as suppository
Definition
sulfasalazine
Term
well distributed in body fluids, concentrates in urine

transverses placental barrier, enters breast milk

highly bound to serum albumin
Definition
Sulfonamides
Term
acetylated in liver to inactive metabolites
Definition
Sulfonamides
Term
degraded to sulfapyridine and 5-aminosalicylate by intestinal microbes
Definition
Sulfasalazine
Term
Parent drug and metabolites are excreted by glomerular filtration

Accumulation in presence of depressed kidney function
Definition
Sulfonamides
Term
can precipitate in urinary tract at acidic pH resulting in crystalluria and nephrotoxicity. Can be prevfented by adequate hydration and urine alkalinzation
Definition
Sulfonamides
Term
drug fever, dermatitis, skin rashes, Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Definition
Sulfonamides
Term
Cross reactivity with acetazolamide, thiazides, furosemide, bumetanide, diazoxide, sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agents
Definition
Sulfonamides
Term
Hemolytic anemia in patietns w/ G6PD deficiency
Definition
Sulfonamides
Term
adverse effect arises in newborns since sulfonamides may supplant bilirubin from serum albumin leading to bilirubin in the CNS
Definition
Kernicterus
Term
May potentiate effects of certain drugs: tolbutamide, warfarin, bishydroxycoumarin, methotrexate) by displacing from serum albumin binding sites
Definition
Sulfonamides
Term
contraindicated in newborns and infants (under 2 months), as well as in pregnant females at term because of risk of kernicterus
Definition
Sulfonamides
Term
folate antimetabolite has antibacterial spectrum comparable to sulfomamides.
Definition
Trimethoprim
Term
Usually formulated with sulfamethoxazole
Definition
Trimethoprim
Term
available in combination with polymyxin B (Polytrim) for topical treatment of external infections of eye
Definition
Trimethoprim
Term
analog of dihydrofolic acid and selective inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase
Definition
Trimethoprim
Term
bacterial DHR has greater affinity for this than mammialian DHR
Definition
Trimethoprim
Term
Comparable to spectrum of sulfamethoxazole (20-50 times more potent)
Definition
Trimethoprim
Term
UTIs
Bacterial prostatitis
Definition
Trimethoprim
Term
Staph aureus/epidermidis
Strep viridans/Pneumo
Haemophilus influenze
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Definition
Polytrim
Term
Resistance is only due to altered target site (gram negative bacteria)
Definition
Trimethoprim
Term
HIgher levels reached in prostatic and vaginal fluids
Definition
Trimethoprim
Term
Demethylated in liver
Parent drug metabolite excreted in urine
Definition
Trimethoprim
Term
Consequences of folate deficiency:
megaloblastic anemia
Leukopenia
Granulocytopenia
Definition
Trimethoprim
Term
Consequences of folate deficiency:
megaloblastic anemia
Leukopenia
Granulocytopenia

- reversed by concurrent administration of ____?
Definition
folinic acid (leucovorin)
Term
RTIs (Strep pneumo, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis)
Gastroenteritis (Salmonella and shigella)
Definition
SMX-TMP
Term
-first line agent for otitis sinusitis and pneumonia due to Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis
Definition
SMX-TMP
Term
First line agent for infections due to Enterobacter
Definition
SMX-TMP
Term
Prostate infections
lymphogranuloma venerum due to chlamyida trachomatis
Brucellosis due to Brucella
Cholera due to vibrio cholerae
Granuloma inguinale due to Calymmatobacterium
Legionella pneumophila
Listeria infections (meningitis and bacteremia)
Definition
SMX-TMP
Term
First line agent for chancroid due to Haemophilus ducreyi
Definition
SMX-TMP
Term
DOC for Nocardia infections
Definition
SMX-TMP
Term
DOC for pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
Definition
SMX-TMP
Term
given orally can be given IV to patients w/ pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia or those who cant take orally
Definition
SMX-TMP
Term
Well distributed;
trimethoprim accumulates i nprostatic and vaginal fluids

parent compounds and metabolites eliminated in urine
Definition
SMX-TMP
Term
HIV infected invidiuals w/ Pneumocystis jiroveci often have hypersensitivity reactions, GI upset, nad pancytopenia when treated w/
Definition
SMX-TMP
Term
patients taking warfarin have increased prothrombin times
metabolism of phenytoin inhibited

sulfamethoxazole may increase methotrexate serum concentrations
Definition
SMX-TMP
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