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China
China
45
History
9th Grade
04/15/2011

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Term
Manchuria
Definition
Area to the north of China that has changed hands over time because it has valuable resources.
Term
Gobi Desert
Definition
Area in Western China that has helped to keep foreigners out of China.
Term
Middle Kingdom
Definition
What the Chinese referred to themselves as because they had been isolated for centuries by geographic protective barriers. Chinese had a cultural policy of barring foreigners and foreign ideas based on their ethnocentrism.
Term
Ethnocentrism
Definition
belief that one’s culture is superior to another’s.
Term
Mandate of Heaven
Definition
Belief that the emperors in China have been given their right to rule by the Gods.
Term
Dynastic Cycle
Definition
Chinese belief that it was natural for ruling families to be overthrown. Chinese believed that the ruling family would come into power and be virtuous but overtime would become corrupt and lazy. The Gods would let the people know when the dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven by creating natural disasters. Once the ruling family lost the Mandate it was time for the people to overthrow the ruling family.
Term
Confucius
Definition
Philosopher in China whose ideas shaped traditional Chinese society. His ideas include the five relationships along with the golden rule.
Term
filial piety
Definition
Traditional belief that elders, family and above all parents should be respected.
Term
Daoism/Taoism
Definition
Traditional Chinese religion that focuses on respecting nature and allowing nature to take it’s course with minimal human interference. The ideas of Yin and Yang are part of this religion.
Term
Great Wall
Definition
Started by the Chin dynasty and later finished by the Han. It was built to help keep the foreigners out of China.
Term
Yellow River
Definition
Site of first civilization in China
Term
Buddhism
Definition
Religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama where the goal is reach Nirvana by giving up worldly desires. Culturally diffused to China from India.
Term
Golden Age
Definition
Tang and Song Dynasty - period of government stability and cultural achievements
Term
Chin
Definition
First Dynasty of China
Term
Tang and Song
Definition
Considered to by the Golden Age of China marked by government stability and cultural achievements.
Term
Silk Road
Definition
Traditional land route to the west that at one time traded products from China all the way to the Mediterranean Sea.
Term
Civil Service Exams
Definition
Citizens who were given government jobs had to pass tests based on confucianist ideas in order ensure that they were worthy of the position.
Term
Genghiz Khan
Definition
Leader of the Mongols from Mongolia who created an empire throughout Asia based on warfare and plunder.
Term
Marco Polo
Definition
European explorer who visited and actually stayed in the imperial palace. He wrote a book about his travels stimulating European interest in China.
Term
Opium War
Definition
War between England and China caused by England smuggling opium into China. China asked England to stop trafficking opium into China and England denied being involved. The war ended with the Treaty of Nanjing.
Term
Treaty of Nanjing
Definition
Labeled the “Unfair Treaty” which was unfair towards China and began a period of European domination over China.
Term
Extraterritoriality rights
Definition
In the Treaty of Nanjing China agreed to allow foreigners who committed crime in China to be tried in their native countries under their native countries laws.
Term
sphere of influence
Definition
China was carved up and controlled by foreign nations. Foreign nations controlled an area of China that only they could trade in and control government policy.
Term
Kublai Khan
Definition
Heir to the Mongol Empire who expanded the Mongol Empire into China
Term
Open Door Policy
Definition
The U.S. asked that countries who had a sphere of influence in China allow other countries to trade in their sphere. The countries who had a sphere denied the U.S. request.
Term
Taiping Rebellion
Definition
uprising by the Chinese against the Manchu Dynasty because they were upset that foreigners were controlling China. The uprising was defeated by the government and foreign coalition forces.
Term
Boxer Rebellion
Definition
An uprising by Chinese nationalists against foreigners. A coalition of foreign nations went to China to put down the Boxer Rebellion. The Chinese were forced to sign another unfair treaty.
Term
Dr. Sun Yat Sen
Definition
leader who battled for control of China with warlords after the fall of the Manchu dynasty. He promoted nationalism, livelihood and democracy and was able to gain control of most of China before he died in 1921.
Term
Guomindang/Koumintang
Definition
Nationalist group originally controlled by Dr. Sun Yat Sen and then Sun’s successor Chaing Kai Shek.
Term
Chiang Kai-Shek
Definition
took over after the death of Sun Yat Sen in 1921 and controlled China as a dictator. He battled for control of China with Mao Zedong and the Communist. He was forced to flee to Taiwan where he set up a democratic government independent of China in 1949.
Term
Long March
Definition
Mao and the communist were chased throughout China by Chiang Kai Shek. During this campaign Mao gained many followers who eventually helped him to overthrow Chaing Kai Shek and make China communist.
Term
Mao Zedong
Definition
Communist leader of China who led the communist overthrow of Chaing Kai Shek.
Term
People’s Rep. Of China
Definition
This is the name of China’s government after Mao made it communist.
Term
Tiananmen Square
Definition
Protest by college students against the government calling for an increased democratic role in government by the citizens of China. The Chinese government sent in the military to disperse the protest killing and wounding many protestors. This led to an international outcry over China’s human rights policies.
Term
Great Leap Forward
Definition
Mao’s economic policy where he attempted to catch up to the world quickly. Instead of Mao using new technology (which he didn’t have) he wanted to use the large population of China to do manual labor to catch up. He put farmers on communes and created backyard furnaces in the cities. This policy was huge failure and led to famine in which it is estimated that up to 20 million Chinese died from hunger.
Term
collective farms
Definition
group of peasant farmers that were given land to farm as a group. The farmers had a government quota they had to meet as a group. These were relatively effective.
Term
Commune
Definition
Large government owned farms that peasant farmers were forced to work in during the Great Leap Forward. The peasants were ordered to work six days a week and for long hours in order to provide food for the cities. These were huge failures and led to famine.
Term
Cultural Revolution
Definition
After the failure of the Great Leap Forward Mao looked to rid China of the “anti-revolutionaries” by having his red guard made up of students hunt down teachers, managers and ex-landlords. This is another Mao policy that led to disaster by getting rid of the educated in his country.
Term
Deng XioPing
Definition
Mao’s successor who moved away from a strict version of communism and incorporated elements of capitalism into China’s economy.
Term
Four Modernizations
Definition
Deng Xioping’s economic policy which incorporated capitalism by allowing for farmers and managers to sell excess products for profit. Deng’s policy focused on improving industry, agriculture, military and science.
Term
Family planning policy
Definition
Also known as the one child policy. Citizens of China are only permitted to have one child per couple to try and slow China’s population growth. If couples have more than one child then the government punishes the family by forcing them to pay fines or higher taxes. This policy has led to extreme actions by some Chinese citizens including selling of their children and infanticide
Term
Zheng He
Definition
Chinese explorer during the Ming Dynasty that traveled around the tip of Africa and up the Western coast of Africa looking for cultural achievements from other civilizations. The result of his travels was that it reinforced Chinese ethnocentrism.
Term
Forbidden City
Definition
Beijing - The city that foreigners were not allowed to enter.
Term
Yuan Dynasty
Definition
The Dynasty that the Mongols set up after Kublai Kahn took over China.
Term
Warlord Period
Definition
Period of time after the dynasty fell warlords often battled for control of China to become the next emperor. The last warlord period was when the Manchu Dynasty collapsed in 1911 and Dr. Sun Yat Sen and Mao battled warlords for control of China.
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