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Child Psychology Exam 2
Growth and health, Perceptual and Motor Development, Theories of Cognitive Development, Cognitive Processes and Academic Skills
69
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
10/15/2010

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Cards

Term
Why do humans grow so slowly?
Definition
head is big, lot's to learn
Term
What develops during physical growth?
Definition
-muscles become longer and thicker
-layer of fat is added during first year to regulate temperature
-cartilage is replaced by bone (epiphyses)
Term
cephalocaudal v.s. prostimodistal growth
Definition
Cephalocaudalgrowth (head to toe)

Proximodistalgrowth (center to extremities)
Term
When does fastest growth rate occur?
Definition
in first two years (weight doubles from birth to 5 months)
Term
Secular growth trends
Definition
Changes in physical development from one generation to the next

-average height and weight is increasing with generations
Term
Mechanisms of physical growth
Definition
-genetics, sleep (80% of growth hormones secreted)
-Adolescents' biological clock shifts ~tired later
-nutrition
Term
breastfeeding
Definition
-Breast milk is nutritionally better for baby, and also provides antibodies

-
Term
how many neurons in brain?
Definition
100 to 200 billion
Term
neuronal developnment
Definition
With development, more and more connections (synapses) are formed

-along with apoptosis
Term
synaptic proliferation vs synaptic pruning
Definition
proliferation: too many synapses are made

pruning: The ones that receive little or no stimulation are gotten rid of
Term
Glial cells
Definition
myelin sheath, recycling waste, myelinization (first 2-3 years of life)
Term
brain plasticity
Definition
flexibility when young, cells are not specialized
Term
Experience independent growth
Definition
brainstem develops without experience
Term
Experience expectant growth
Definition
brain expects it, so it grows quickly (ex: light sensitivity and language, triggered by environment)
Term
Experience dependent growth
Definition
based on experience
eX: memory, stressful events
Term
picky eating
Definition
more exposure to diverse range of tastes; decrease pickyness

breast milk~ eat more diverse foods
Term
Malnutrition
Definition
-malnourished kids are more passive, inactive, and hard to engage (because they are trying to conserve energy)

-catchup growth: adequate nutrition, may still be brain damaged/learning difficulties
Term
forms of malnutrition
Definition
Marasmus: extreme malnutrition, not enough calories

Kwashiorkor: weight loss, swollen abdomen, not enough protein
Term
Anorexia
Definition
persistent refusal to eat and irrational fear of being overweight
Term
Bulimia
Definition
uncontrolled eating and purging
Term
Top 5 killers of children
Definition
1. Pneumonia
2. diarrhea
3. measles
4. malaria
5. malnutrition
Term
mortality rates of children
Definition
-decreased by 1/3 since 2009
-1990-2009; 12.4 million deaths to 8 million
-22k children die/day
Term
Sensation vs perception
Definition
Sensation: input from senses
Perception: how sensations are interpreted

most perceptual development occurs in infancy
Term
common causes of death in children over age 1 year?
Definition
car accidents
Term
Preferential looking
Definition
habituation, novelty preference
get bored with old pictures
Term
Event-related potentials
Definition
sensors on scalp, measure brain activity
Term
Taste and smell
Definition
-difficult to taste and smell in utero (womb covers)
---they prefer smell of own amniotic fluid

-prefer sweet tastes, start swallowing at 12 weeks

-can "defend" against unpleasant smells
-no interest in salt until 6 months
Term
Sense of touch
Definition
-well developed at birth

8-9 weeks: sensitive mouth
14 weeks: most of body is sensitive
23 weeks: can feel pain and temp change

mouthing = common way of exploring, b/c so sensitive
Term
Sense of vision
Definition
22-24 weeks: respond to sounds, can hear sound in womb

vision: least developed sense
respond to light

acquity: how clearly can see
Term
Color perception
Definition
see bold, brighter colors better
red/green before blue/yellow
Term
pattern perception
Definition
like faces, complex patterns
Term
Perceptual narrowing
Definition
focusing attention to things

6 months: can tell monkeys apart. cannot after 1
Term
Depth perception
Definition
4 months
visual difference -> plexiglass on "shelves," call over. use parents' emotions to guide behavior

-can see depth, but my not be relevant until they can move themselves around
Term
Kinetic cues (looming vs motion parallax)
Definition
Looming (something you're looking at becomes closer to you)

Motion parallax (closer to you, seems to move more quickly)
Term
Binocular cues
Definition
each eye - slightly different view

Random dot stereograms

ex: 3D movies
Term
Monocular cues
Definition
linear perspective/texture gradient
-compare reaching behavior, with 1 or 2 eyes
(pick what ones look "closer")
Term
Hearing
Definition
-present at birth, can localize sounds
-prefer complex sounds
-prefer human voices
"parantese"/infant director speech
(Enunciate, baby talk -> contribute to language dev.)
Term
intermodal perception
Definition
-coordination of more than 1 sense

---Cross-modal transfer: nubby pacifer study ~ can recognize things they feel

---cross-modal matching: match sounds with visual stimulation
Term
Lickliter study
Definition
5 months

more senses = pay more attention (intersensory redundancy)

ex: pay more attention if see people that are talkimg
Term
What is cognitive development?
Definition
intelligence, reasoning, memory, inferences
Term
Piaget
Definition
-father of cognitive development
-worked on intelligence tests ("little scientists")
-discontinuous stage theory; invariant and universal
Term
Assimilation vs Accomodation vs equilibration
Definition
assimilation: new info - interpret into schema
--see camel, say it's a horse

accomodation: restructure schemes to account for new info
ex: it's a camel, not a horse

equilibration: balance assimilation and accomodation
Term
Sensorimotor stage
Definition
thought = senses and motor skills

-shift from reflexes to goal-oriented behavior

-develop memory, sense of past

-object permanence
~A not B error @ 8 months -> look in place object was before
----other explanations: hand is used to reaching in particular place, or frontal lobe is not fully developed; therefore, no impulse control
Term
Preoperational stage
Definition
form mental representations, because of symbolism
-pretend play increase + language development
-picture symbols
-egocentricism: no ability to understand others' views
-animacy: things not living are alive
-conservation
Term
concrete operational
Definition
logic for concrete/not abstract things

-accomplish things could not before
-transitivie inference: what is bigger?
--can only solve with visual info, not algebra
Term
Formal operations
Definition
-logic ~ science
-abstract thought
-hypothesis-deductive reasoning, scientific method

-pendullum problem: figure out what determines how fast pendulum swings

propositional logic: judge whether something is logical, without looking at context (regardless of experience)
Term
issues of piaget's theories
Definition
-overestimated regardless of experience, because adults do not always use logic to solve problems, sometimes emotion

underestimates kids in first three stages
components too vague to test
too much variability
Term
Vygotsky
Definition
Social context of cognition

SCAFFOLDING: parents support and build skills

zone of proximal development: range in which children can solve a problem without help

Private speech: talk out loud to solve a problem
Term
Scaffolding
Definition
Vygotsky

parents support and build skills
Term
Zone of proximal development
Definition
Vygotsky

range in which children can solve a problem without help
Term
private speech
Definition
Vygotsky

talk out loud to solve problem
Term
Cultural differences
Definition
Vygotsky

different cultures have different learning techniquest and learn differently
Term
Information processing theories
Definition
compare the brain to a computer

get new info, process, task analysis,

hardware: memory and speed

software: strategies, control processes

encoding: info into memory in form we understand, sometimes automatic

processing speed/reaction time increases with age
Term
3 important features of memory that exist, according to Rovee Collier's experiments...
Definition
1. an event from the past is remembered

2. over time, the event can no longer be recalled

3. a cue can serve to dredge up a forgotten memory
Term
epiphyses
Definition
cartilage is replaced by bone
Term
puberty
Definition
rapid physical change -> growth spurt, breasts, testes, etc.

marks adolescence
Term
secular growth trends
Definition
changes in physical development from one generation to the next
Term
malnutrition
Definition
inadequate nutrition, causes being small for age
Term
catch-up growth
Definition
adequate nutrition, may still be brain damaged/learning difficulties
Term
marasmus
Definition
extreme malnutrition, not enough calories
Term
kwashiorkor
Definition
weight loss, swollen abdomen, not enough protein
Term
How does sleep contribute to growth?
Definition
-80% of growth hormone is secreted in sleep

-effects cognitive processes + attentiveness during school
Term
What are the five main physical manifestations of puberty?
Definition
-menarche: onset of menstruation

-spermarche: first spontaneous ejaculation

-pubic hair

-breasts/ testes, scrotum

-growth spurt
Term
psychological impact of puberty on girls
Definition
-more concerned about overall appearance

-early maturation: lack self-confidence, are less popular, more depressed, twice as likely to be sexually active
Term
What are the pros and cons of breastfeeding vs. bottle feeding?
Definition
-human milk contains antibodies, carbs, fats, protein, etc. less prone to diarrhea and constipation. cannot be contaminated

bottle:
can be allergic

Cons:
Term
Explain the origins of obesity, anorexia, and bulimia
Definition
obesity: heredity
environment

anorexia and bulimia: controlling parents, heredity, mood or selfesteem disorders, influence of peers
Term
intersensory redundancy
Definition
information is best presented when to more than one sense.

ex: hearing and vision
Term
attention and how it improves
Definition
oriented stimulus: startled, fixes eye on stimulus, heart rate and brain patterns change
Term
ADHD
Definition
hyperactivitY: unusually energetic and fidgety

-inattention: do not pay attention on one task

-inpulsivity: act before thinking
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