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Child PSY 2105-Ch 10: Intelligence and Schooling
IQ tests; Issues in study of intelligence; Contributions of the environment; Schooling- variations and effects; Alternative conceptions of intelligence
23
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
11/29/2010

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Term
Psychometric approach
Definition
An approach to the study of intelligence that emphasized the use of standardized tests to identify individual differences among people.
Term
Reliability
Definition
The consistency or repeatability of a measuring instrument. A necessary property of a standardized test.
Term
Validity
Definition
The accuracy with which a measuring instrument assesses the attribute it is designed to measure. A necessary property of a standardized test.
Term
Hierarchical model of Intelligence
Definition
A model of the structure of intelligence in which intellectual abilities are seen as being organized hierarchically, with broad, general abilities at the top of the hierarchy and more specific skills nested underneath.
Term
Heritability
Definition
The proportion of variance in a trait (such as IQ) that can be attributed to genetic variance in the sample being studied.
Term
Flynn Effect
Definition
Increase over time in the average level of performance on IQ tests.
Term
HOME (Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment)
Definition
An instrument for assessing the quality of the early home dimensions such as maternal involvement and variety of play materials.
Term
Ability grouping
Definition
Separation of students into groups of similar ability for purposes of instruction.
Term
Stage-environment fit
Definition
Degree to which environmental circumstances match the capabilities and the needs o the child at particular points during development.
Term
Cultural compatibility hypothesis
Definition
The hypothesis that schooling will be most effective when methods of instruction are compatible with the child’s cultural background.
Term
Environment of Evolutionary Adaptiveness (EEA)
Definition
The environment that produced a species’ evolved tendencies.
Term
Biological primary abilities
Definition
Evolved abilities shaped by natural selection to solve recurring problems faced by ancestral humans.
Term
Biologically secondary abilities
Definition
Non-evolved abilities that co-opt primary abilities for purposes other than the original evolution-based function and appear only in specific cultural contexts.
Term
Dynamic assessment
Definition
Method of assessing children’s abilities derived from Vygotsky’s concept of the zone of proximal development. Measures the child’s ability to benefit from adult-provided assistance, typically in a test-train-retest design.
Term
Convergent thinking
Definition
Form of thinking whose goal is to discover the correct answer to problems with a definite solution—the form of thought emphasized on IQ tests.
Term
Divergent thinking
Definition
Form of thinking whose goal is to generate multiple possible solutions for problems that do not have a single correct answer—the form of thought hypothesized to be important for creativity.
Term
Two-factor theory of intelligence
Definition
Charles Spearman’s proposal that there are 2 factors to intelligence: 1) general intelligence (g) and 2) specific abilities (s). This proposal came from the consistently positive correlations across measures of intelligence.
Term
In 2-factor theory: general intelligence (g):
Definition
The factor first factor of intelligence, in Spearman’s view, which permeates every form of intellectual functioning and is the most important determinant of individual differences on any test of intelligence.
Term
In 2-factor theory: 2) specific abilities (s)
Definition
The second factor of intelligence, in Spearman’s view, that contribute to performance on particular tasks.
Term
g (basic definition)
Definition
General intelligence: g is assumed to determine performance on a wide range of intellectual measures.
Term
Stereotype threat
Definition
The extra pressure people feel in situations in which their performance may confirm a negative stereotyped held about their group.
Term
Fluid Intelligence
Definition
Innate problem solving ability, relatively free from cultural influences.
Term
Crystallized Intelligence
Definition
Acquired knowledge dependent on schooling and other life experiences.
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