Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Child Development
Infancy-age 2
57
Psychology
Graduate
11/10/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Reliability (Criteria for a good test)
Definition
Test consistency; consistently yields same results
Term
Validity (Criteria for a good test)
Definition
meaure what it says it meansures
Term
Standardization (Criteria for a good test)
Definition
Norming & Stranding procedures
Term
Test (types of reliabilty) 
Definition

retest reliability

  • same test on 2 diff. occasions
  • correlation b/w 2 test periods
Term
Parallel (types of reliabilty) 
Definition
  • 2 diff. versions of the test are given on 2 diff. occasions
  • time b/w testing is short
  • SAT has alternate forms
Term
Split half reliability (types of reliabilty) 
Definition
  • one occasion to give test
  • split the test in half 
  • must have parallel forms equivalent halves
Term
Content validity
Definition
  • test's content reflects all knowledge or skills that is says it measures
  • determined by giving it to the experts in the field
  • non-statistical measures
Term
Criterion-related validity
Definition
  • test is compared to an external criterion
  • correlates w/ some present or future behavior
    • Predictive- external criterion is available at a future time
    • concurrent- the external criterion is available at time of testing
Term
Construct Validity
Definition
  • Test measures a hypothetical construct/ concept
  • Must infer this concept from behavior(s) that is exhibited
  • use another test (well accepted) to make a comparison
    • 2 types:
      • convergent construct validity
      • divergent construct validity
Term
Standardization
Definition
  • Test has set procedure for administering, scoring & interpreting the result
  • must follow those instructions
  • test is "normed" on a group of people
Term
type of intelligence testing
Definition
  1. Indivivual IQ test
  • individual one examiner & examinee- strigent and accurate

2. Group Test- one examiner- many examinees

Term
classical conditioning
Definition

make an association b/w two stimuli

  • Pavlov- salivating dogs
  • watson- little albert
Term
Neutural Stimulus (NS)
Definition
it does not bring about desired response
Term
unconditioned stimulus (US)
Definition

not learned stimulus 

like a relfex

 

Term
unconditioned response
Definition
not learned response or behavior
Term
conditioned stimulus 
Definition
learned to respond to this stimulus
Term
condition response
Definition
learned behavior
Term
Acquisition
Definition
time it takes to make an association b/w the two stimuli
Term
Higher Order Conditioning
Definition
CS paired w/ a NS to teach the CR
Term
Instrumental Conditioning/Operant conditioning
Definition

Make an association b/w respose and consequence 

person: B.F. Skinner

Term
Reinforcement
Definition

increase behavior

  • positive- by giving something
  • negative-removing something unpleaseant 
Term
two types of reinforcers
Definition

primary- natural reinforcers

Secondary- conditioned

Term
Punishment 
Definition

decrease behavior

  • positive-giving something unpleasant
  • negative- taking something good
Term
Observational learning/Social Learning Theory
Definition

Person: Albert Bandura

modeling and immitation 

Term
attention
Definition
selectively using your five senses
Term
retention
Definition

must remember the behavior

  • symbolic represention
Term
motor reproduction
Definition
imitation of the behavior
Term
reinforcement of punishmen
Definition
  • motivation to do something
  • direct reinforcement or punishment
Term
language
Definition

and array of symbols that a society has agreed on a meaning

uses involve:

comprehension

production

Term
generativity
Definition
finite set of words can make an infinite #of sentences and ideas
Term
phonemes
Definition

basic units of sound 

  • 45 in English
  • 1st step in children's lang. development:phonological development
Term
morphemes
Definition

the smallest unit of meaningful sounds

ie. suffixs, prefixes

2nd stage: sematic development- learning the system for expressing meaning in a language

Term
syntax
Definition

combine words into sentences

set of rules

3rd step: synactic devel.-acquiring the rules for combining words in a given lang.

Term
pragmatic
Definition
social rules govering lang.
Term
metalingustic knowledge
Definition
knowledge about lang. including properties and uses
Term
requirements for lang
Definition
  • funt. localization of lang-left hemisphere
  • brocca-speech
  • wernicke- lang comprehension
    • evidence- wild child
Term
non-humans & lang
Definition

lang is species specific 

only humans acquire lang in normal course of devel.

Term
Infant Directed Talk (IDT)
Definition

orginially dubbed "motherese"

characteristics: higher pitch, change in intonation patters, talk slowly, clearly, elongated pauses, repetative, exaggerated, facial expressions, grammatically correct

Term

wood's six stages of lang. acqu.

stage 1:pre-speech

Definition

sounds are very limited for first two months

cry, sneeze, sign, smack their lips

babbling (6-10 months) av.7

 

Term

stage 2: first word

Definition

MLU 1 word. requirements for a word

a. resembles an adult word

b. used in reference to an object or person

learn words as a familiar pattern of sound w/o attached meaning

Term

stage 3: one word speech

Definition

12-18 months

holophrastic speech-one word as a whole sentence

overextentio- using the word in a broader sense than is appropiate 

underextion- using a word in a stricter context than is approp.

Term
fast mapping 
Definition
rapidly learning a word from hearing the contrastive use of a familiar and unfamiliar word
Term

stage 4: first sentence

Definition

end of 2 years

2-3 word combination

telegraphic speech- lack # of elements of adult speech

Term

 

stage 5: complex sentences

Definition

30 months 

learn grammar rules...mostly

Term
over-regularization
Definition
treat irregular forms of words as if they were regular
Term
adult like structure
Definition

5-6 years old

more complex sentence structure

Term
Nativism
Definition

noam chomsky 

  • innate 
  • using lang. requires knowledge of highly abstract unconscious rule
  • Lang Acq. device (LAD)
    • natural lang. blue print that develops
Term
empiricism
Definition
  • learned
  • solely the role of enviroment
  • B.F skinner's reinforcement
  • shaping-zero occurance SO reinforcing successive approx of a desired behavior
  • bandara- social learning

 

Term
interactionism
Definition

combination b/w maturation and learning

driven by the desire to interact w/ others

Term
congnitive devel.
Definition

thought process and lang

a. piaget mental combination -symbolic thought -thought precedes lang.

b. Vygotsky-simultanious devel. of thought and lang.

Term
5 basic elements of a concept
Definition

1. share a set of defining attributes

2. suggest we have a prototype

3. can be identified by referring to exemplars

4.schemas- abstract knowledge structures that organize a vast amount of information

5.simiplicity-when confronted w/ an example we induce the simplest category or rule that would cover all examples easier w/ some concepts

Term
3 levels of heirarchies
Definition

1. superordinate- most general

2. basic- medium

3. subordinate- most specific

Term
Spearman's G factor
Definition
intelligence is a single general abilty that enables people to preform a varity of intelligent behavior
Term
cattel's theory
Definition

2 types of intelligence

-fluid=not influenced but schooling. mostly non verbal

-cystalized=heavily influenced by schooling. factual knowledge

Term
Carroll's theory
Definition

3 levels of intelligence

top, middle, and bottom. exactly like super, basic, and subordinate.

Term
gardner's theory
Definition

intellect is based on the view that people process at least 8 types of intelligence

  • linguistic
  • musical
  • logico-mathimatical
  • spatial
  • bodily-kinistecs
  • intrapersonal
  • interpersonal
  • naturalistic
  • existential
Supporting users have an ad free experience!