Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Child and Adolescent Dev.
chapter 7,8,9,10
76
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
11/03/2010

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

Piaget

4 stages- Sensorimotor Stage

Definition

Reflexes and Habits (repeating of chance behavior).

Primary-repeating chances around self.

Secondary-self and outside envt, no intention.

Coordination of secondary-goal orientated, object permeanance.

tertiary- behavior leads to goal. more intentional

mental representation- using symbols to represent things in mind

Term
Piaget- Preoperational Stage
Definition

Symbolic function- begin to think outside real life constraints 

Egocentrism- one sided

Animism- inanimate things real

make believe play

Term

 

 

Piaget- Concrete Operational Stage

 

Definition

Conservation begins. 

Horizontal decalage- similar abilities may not develop at same time.

Classification- detailed

Spatial Reasoning- cognitive maps, relations to others

Term

 

 

Piaget- Formal Operational Stage

Definition

abstract thinking

math abilities

reasoning

compare/contrst

 

Term

 

 

Sensory Memory

Definition

 

 

 

a few seconds, memory input from senses

 

 

Term

 

 

STM

Definition

 

 

working memory

if rehearsed can move to LTM

Term

 

 

LTM

Definition

 

Infinite capacity

depends on elaboration

retrieval of LTM brings to STM

Term

 

 

Orientation/investigative response

Definition

 

 

focus on something, concentrate

Term

 

 

 

Joint Attention

Definition

 

 

attending to something with another person

Term

 

 

Selective Attention

Definition

 

Choosing what to pay attention to

Term

 

 

Divided Attention

Definition

 

 

multitasking

Term

 

 

 

Sustained Attention

Definition

 

 

Maintaining focus

Term

 

 

 

Executive Attention 

Definition

 

 

focusing of what is most important

Term

 

 

memory

Definition

 

 

storing and retaining information over time

Term

 

 

Infantile Amnesia 

Definition

 

 

brain isnt developed enough to retain memory

Term

 

 

Type of Memory

Implicit

Definition

 

 

Memory for movement and skills

 

Term

 

 

 

Type of Memory

Explicit

Definition

 

 

Memory for events

can describe them

Term

 

 

Language

Definition

 

 

communication using symbols

Term

 

 

infinite generativity

Definition

 

 

language can be generated in an infinite number of ways

Term

 

 

Phonology

Definition

 

 

system of sounds

(one letter) 

Term

 

 

Morphology

Definition

 

basic sounds that have meaning 

(word)

 

Term

 

 

Syntax

Definition

 

 

order gives meaning

Term

 

 

Semantics

Definition

 

 

word meaning can change

Term

 

 

Pragmatics 

Definition

 

ability to understand how to use language 

Term

 

 

 

Development of Language

Definition

coos

babble

gestures

single words

50 spoken words

200-300 spoken words 

Term

 

 

Styles of language

Referential 

Definition

 

 

picks up words that name or refer to things

Term

 

 

Styles of Language

Expressive

Definition

 

 

socially linked

Term

 

 

Underextension

and

Overextension

Definition

 

 

under- only use word in context it was learned

 

over- over use word

Term

 

 

Telegraphic Speech

Definition

 

 

not grammatically correct but gets point through with simple words

Term

 

 

4 Views of Language

 

Biological View

Definition

language based in brain

Broca's area- speech production

Wernicke's area- comprehension

Term

 

4 Views of Language

 

Noam Chomsky's LAD

Definition

 

 

have inborn ability to pick up any language but only use the one that relates most to culture you are in 

Term

 

4 Views of Language

 

B.F. Skinners Operant Conditioning

Definition

 

 

punishments and rewards

Term

 

4 Views of Language

 

Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory

Definition

 

 

learn socially- observe and imitate

Term

 

 

intelligence 

Definition

 

using knowledge to learn, solve problems, adapt

Term

 

 

4 View of Intelligence 

 

Traditional View

Definition

intelligence is analytical (verbal/math)

Binet Tests- mental ability relative to age

Stanford-Binet Tests- for Americans

William Stern- compare mental age to choro age

 

IQ= MA/CA x 100

Term

 

4 view of intelligence

 

Triarchtic theory 

Definition

 

Robert Sternberg

intelligence can be creative, analytical, practical 

Term

 

4 view of intelligence

 

Emotional Intelligence 

Definition

Daniel Goleman

ability to think and use emotion correctly

intrapersonal- manage owns feelings

interpersonal- manage others feelings

motivation

Term

 

4 view of intelligence 

 

Multiple Intelligences

Definition

Howard Gardner

 

8 frames of mind-people excel in different domains

basically combines everything

Term

 

 

Low End of Intelligence

Definition

 

Mental Retardation

 

(deficit in at least 2 adaptive areas)

Term

 

 

High end of Intelligence

Definition

 

 

Giftedness

Term

 

 

Emotional Development 

Nature vs. Nurture

Definition

Nature- early basic emotions come from brainstem and limbic system

 

Nurture- display rules, depends on environment/culture

 

Term

 

 

Individualistic Culture

Definition

 

value of individual expression

Term

 

 

Collectivistic Culture

Definition

 

 

value well being of group

Term

 

 

Temperament

Definition

 

 

inclination to respond in a certain way

Term

 

 

Chess and Thomas

Definition

Easy child- positive adaptive

Medium child- has to warm up

Hard child- negative, fussy, doesnt adapt well to change

Term

 

 

Goodness of Fit

Definition

 

dynamics between child's needs and caregivers responsiveness

Term

 

 

Mary Ainsworth

Strange Situation Study

Definition

 

Secure- fusses when leave

Aviodant- no reaction when leaves or comes

Resistant- resists reunion

Disorganized- confused, cry at return

Term

 

 

Social Referencing 

Definition

 

 

reference environment for how to express emotions 

Term

 

 

Emotion dismissive parents

Definition

 

 

ignore child's emotions

disadvantage because you get emotional whole life

Term

 

 

Emotion coaching parents

Definition

 

guide through child's emotions

allow child to feel emotions and learn to cope

Term

 

 

self-soothing

Definition

 

able to calm yourself down

Term

 

 

self-talk

Definition

 

 

rely on cognitive strategies to soothe

Term

 

 

self regulate arousal

 

 

Definition

 

ability to regulate physical arousal level 

 

Term

 

self-understanding

Definition

 

cognitive ability to understand ourselves

Term

 

 

Rouge Test

Definition

infancy- dont recognize self

15-18 mths- self awarness

2 years- recognize in pictures

2-3- use I, my, myself

early childhood- physical/concrete traits to descibe

Late childhood- psychological traits. ideal vs real

Adolescence- social comparisons, differentitation of self, fluctuation of self, contradictions of self, true vs false self

Term

 

 

Social Cognitiion

Definition

 

 

understanding society/others

Term

 

 

Self-concept

Definition

 

 

domain specific

evaluation of parts of self

Term

 

 

Self- esteem

Definition

 

evaluation of whole self

Term

 

 

Trends in self-esteem 

Definition

males higher

dips in adolensence

dips after life changing events

based on personal perception- not always accurate

 

Term

 

 

identity

Definition

 

 

 definition of self

combination of parental support, sense of industry, reflective stance towards future

Term

 

 

Erikson's

Identity vs Role Confusion

Definition

identity culminates in adolescence

adolenscence is "psychological moratorium"- transitional/limbo stage between childhood and adulthood

identity depends on- role experimentation and personality experimentation 

Term

 

James Marcia

Definition

statues of identity based on 

Crisis and Commitment


Identity Achievement- crisis and commitment 

Identity Diffusion- no crisis or commitment

Identity Foreclosure- commitment no crisis

Identity Moratorium- crisis no commitment 

Term
Explain how children develop cognitively by adaptation and organization?
Definition

-       try to classify things into groups through assimilation and accommodation

-       in equilibrium when assimilating

-       when in accommodation in disequilibrium which requires you to accomodate

Term

What is mental representation and name 2 things that child is able to do with accomplishment of mental representation?

Definition

 

-use language and symbols           

            - make believe play

            - role playing

Term

What is the information processing approach when it comes to cognitive development? What do it propose?

Definition

-       conceptualize the mind

-       three stages

o   sensory- flashing picture, a few seconds

o   STM- 15-20 seconds, if rehearsed moved to LTM

o   LTM-infinite capacity. Retrieval of LTM brings info back to STM

Term

Compare and Contrast implicit and explicit memory-

Definition

Implicit- movements and skills don’t need to know it

            Explicit- riding a bike, memory for events

Term

How does memory relates to various types of attention?

Definition

-       if you pay attention and continue to then it is much easier for you to remember the information

Term

Describe 4 views of intelligence and compare and contrast.

Definition

-traditional view- IQ, verbal and mathematical. Stanford- Binet tests

            - triarchictheory- intelligence is creative, analytical (trad view), and practical

-emotional intelligence- think and use emotions correctly. Interpersonal, intrapersonal, motivation.

            - multiple intelligence- all of them. 8 frames of mind. (howard gardner)

 

All the views are defining intelligence and re-conceptualizing it. They each have their own part. 

Term

General trend is that IQ increases by 10 points by every advanced degree what you earn and how that relates to nature vs nurture. 

Definition

-as you progress through education you learn more and retain more knowledge. Your intelligence is going to increase as you learn.

            -nature- brain is fully developed when your older, amount you retain is greater

            -nurture- as you get older you are becoming more specialized. Which allows you to be more intelligent in a specific area

 

-       nurture depends on what you are exposed to 

Term

Define emotion- relate to nature vs nurture

Definition

-feeling that tend to occur and how they affect you

            - ability to have emotions very early on à nature

            -Nurture- culture, individualist and collective culture- value a group, cant express neg emotions because it will affect group. 

            - ability to have emotions- nature

            - how you go about expressing emotions, which are more acceptable—nuture

                        - how your brought up and what is expected of you

Term

 

what is goodness of fit and discuss with attachment

Definition

-       match between caregivers responsiveness and child’s needs

-       attachment levels and attachment styles

-       bad fit- basic mistrust in the world, scary world, insecure and unhealthy attachment

-       good fit- healthiest type

Term

Social referencing and emotional competence

Definition

-       referencing- reference environment for how to express emotions

-       referring the social environment to learn how to feel and express emotions

-       emotion dismissive parents- hard to learn to handle emotions. Low confidence

-       emotion coaching parents- help child through emotion

-       emotional competence- - ability to regulate emotions

Term

What are subconscious emotions and how do they relate to development of self conscious emotions 

Definition

-       subconscious- emotions show that child is aware/conscious

-       jealousy, guilt, pride, embarrassment

-       if you have social referencing it is going to help you realize and become aware of yourself and the environment.

-       Allows you to interpret what you are feeling

-       Provides the basic skill to interpret certain situations to help u feel pride

Term

How are they able to determine your status of identity?

Definition

-       if you have crisis and commit its good and healthy

-       you’re the person you are by how you react and how you make your decisions. It determines how you commit and deal with something. You act one way you might act that way in future so things build up.

 

 

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