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Chemotherapy drug side effects
Toxicities of common chemo drugs
21
Veterinary Medicine
Graduate
01/26/2008

Additional Veterinary Medicine Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

Explain/describe "myelosuppression" resulting from chemo drugs 

Definition

 

  • secondary to damage to rapidly dividing stem cells
  • lowest pt of myelosuppresion is usually 5-7d
  • PMNS andplatelets affected most b/c of short lifespan
Term

 

 

 

 

Explain/describe "GI toxicity" from chemo drugs 

Definition
  • Intestinal epith replaces every 3-5 days (takes that long to migrate from vilus to tips)
    • results in delayed signs-->inappetance, nausea, vomition, and/or diarrhea
  • 2 mechanisms:
    • direct damage to intestinal epeithelial cells
      • onset is 5-7 days after tx
    • Triggering of CRTZvia stimulation of vagal afferents/centrally mediated events
      • onset is 24 hrs
      • use antiemetics prior to and following administrationg if hx of chemo induced emesis
Term

 

 

 

Alkylating agent

mechanism

 and

Example drugs 

Definition

 

 

  • Inserts alkylating agent into DNA strands-->disrupts production and protein synthesis
  • Cyclophosphamide
  • Chlorambucil
  • CCNU, BCNU
Term

 

 (alkylating agent)

 

Cyclophosphamide 

 (Cytoxan)

 

Definition

 

  • Sterile hemorrhage cystitis (5% of dogs)
  • GI and myelosuppression (mild-moderate)
    • may take months to resolve
    • give furosemide prophylactically to prevent 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

(alkylating agent)

 

Chlorambucil

 (leukeran)

Definition

 

  • none
  • mild GI and myelosuppression 
Term

 

 

(alkylating agent)

 

CCNU, BCNU

 (Lomustine, carmustine)

Definition

 

 

  • GI and myelosuppression (mild-moderate) 
Term

 

 

(horomes)

 

Prednisone

 (prednisolone in cats)

 

Definition

 

 

  • Iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism can be severe
    • PU/PD
    • V/D
    • polyphagia
  • decrease dose to decrease side effects 
Term

 

 

 

Antimetabolites

mechanism 

and

example drugs 

Definition

 

  • inserts DNA analogs into DNA during replication
  • Methotrexate
  • Cytosine arabinoside (cytosar)
Term

 

 

(Antimetabolites)

 

Methotrexate

 

Definition

 

 

  • Nephrotoxic at high doses
  • GI and myelosuppression (mild)
Term

 

 

(antimetabolite)

 

Cytosine arabinoside

 (cytosar)

 

Definition

 

 

  • GI (mild)
  • myelosuppression  (mild-moderate)
Term

 

 

Plant derived drugs (alkaloids)

mechanism 

and

example drugs  

Definition

 

 

  • interferes with spindle formation during the cell cycle
  • Vincristine (oncovin)
  • Vinblastine (velban) 
Term

 

 

(Plant derived drugs-alkaloids)

 

Vincristine

 (Oncovin)

 

Definition

 

 

  • GI and myelosuppression (mild-moderate)
  • Perivascular slough
  • Constipation (cats)
  • increased platelet counts
  • Peripheral neuropathy (dogs) rare 
Term

 

 

(Plant derived drugs-alkaloids)

 

Vinblastin

 (Velban)

Definition

 

 

  • Gi (mild)
  • Myelosuppression (moderate)
  • perivascular slough
  • used when problems with vincristine (ie constipation in cats)
Term

 

 

Antitumor Antibiotics

Mechanism

and example drugs 

Definition

 

 

  • Topoisomerase II inhibitor
    • which normally unwinds DNA and nicks it during replication--these drugs prevent it from putting DNA back together
  • Free radical generator
  • distrupts DNA structure
  • Doxorubicin (adriamycin)
  • mitoxantrone (novatrone)
  • Actinomycin-D (cosmogen) 
Term

 

 

(Antitumor antibiotics)

 

Doxorubicin

 (adriamycin)

Definition

 

 

  • GI and myelosuppression (moderate-severe)
  • Anaphylaxis during administration
  • Cumulative cardiotoxicity (looks like DCM)
  • Perivascular slough
  • Nephrotoxic in cats 
Term

 

 

(Antitumor antibiotics)

 

Mitoxantrone

 (novatrone)

Definition

 

 

  • Gi and myelosuppression (moderate-severe)
  • $$
  • minimal perivascular irritation 
Term

 

 

(Antitumor antibiotics)

 

Actinomycin-D

 (cosmogen)

 

Definition

 

 

  • Perivascular sloughing
  • minimally cardiotoxic
  • $$
Term

 

 

Miscellaneous

 

Cisplatin

(platinol) 

Definition

 

DON"T USE IN CATS 

  • GI and myelosuppression (moderate-severe)
  • Nephrotoxic (give with diuretic)
  • Fatal in cats!!! (pulumonary edema)
  • Emetogenic

  • Mechanism: disrupts DNA
Term

  

 

Miscellaneous

 

Carboplatin

(paraplatin)

 

Definition

 

 

  • GI and myelosuppression (mild-severe)
  • Delayed WBC low (10-14 d)
  • SAFE IN CATS
  • most toxic in small dogs vs lg dogs 
Term

 

  

Miscellaneous

 

Asparaginase

(elspar)

 

Definition

 

 

  • GI and myelosuppression (mild)
  • Anaphylaxis after administration (risk increases with each dose)
  • Mechanism: lyses asparginine (most cells make asparginine, but lymphs don't make it as much which is why we use it for lymphoma) 
Term

 

  

Miscellaneous

 

Piroxicam

(feldene)
Definition

 

 

  • GI erosions/ulcers (mild-severe) 
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