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CHEMISTRY VOCAB
TOO MUCH
171
Chemistry
11th Grade
01/20/2010

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Term
Atomic Radius
Definition
one half the distance between the nuclei of two atoms of the same element when they are joined
Term
non metals
Definition
poor conductors of heat and electricity
Term
periodic law
Definition
when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic # there is periodic repetition of physical and chemical properties
Term
halogens
Definition
elements found in group 7A
Term
transition metals
Definition
elements with s and d orbitals of the highest occupied energy level containing electrons
Term
cation
Definition
ion with a positive charge
Term
ionization energy
Definition
energy required to remove an electron from an atom
Term
electronegavity
Definition
the ability of an atom of an element to attract electrons when the atom is in a compound
Term
anion
Definition
ion with negative charge
Term
base
Definition
an ionic compound that produces hydroxide ions when dissolved in water
Term
binary compound
Definition
composed of two elements and can be either ionic or molecular
Term
law of definite proportions
Definition
in samples of any chemical compound, masses of elements are always in same proportions
Term
acid
Definition
compound that contains one or more hydrogen atoms and produces hydrogen ions when dissolved in water
Term
polyatomic ion
Definition
ions composed of more than one atom
Term
law of multiple proportions
Definition
whenever the same two elements form more tahn one compound, the different masses of one element that combine with the same mass of the other element are in the ratio of small whole #'s
Term
monatomic ions
Definition
ions consisting of a single atom
Term
matter
Definition
anything that has a mass and occupies space
Term
technology
Definition
which society....
Term
biotechnology
Definition
applies science to the production of biological products or processes
Term
pollutant
Definition
material found in air, water, or soul that is harmful to humans etc
Term
scientific method
Definition
scientific approach to the solution of a scientific problem
Term
observation
Definition
using your senses to obtain info
Term
experiment
Definition
procedure that is used to test a hypothesis
Term
manipulated variable
Definition
variable that you change during experiment
Term
responding variable
Definition
variable that is observed during the experiment
Term
theory
Definition
well-tested explanation for a broad range of observations
Term
scientific law
Definition
concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments
Term
mass
Definition
measure of the amount of matter the object contains
Term
volume
Definition
measure of space occupied by the object
Term
extensive property
Definition
property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample
Term
intensive property
Definition
property that depends on the type of matter in a sample not amount of matter
Term
substance
Definition
matter with uniform and definite composition
Term
physical property
Definition
quality or condition of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance's composition
Term
solid
Definition
definite shape definite volume not easily compresed
Term
liquid
Definition
indefinite shape definite volume not easily compressed
Term
Gas
Definition
indefinite shape indefinite volume easily compressed
Term
physical change
Definition
some properties of material change, but the composition of the material does not change
Term
mixture
Definition
physical blend of two or more components
Term
heterogeneous mixture
Definition
mixture where composition is not uniform throughout
Term
homogeneous mixture
Definition
compostition is uniform throughout
Term
solution
Definition
homogeneous mixture
Term
phase
Definition
any part of a sample with uniform composition and properties
Term
filtration
Definition
process separating solid from a liquid in a heterogeneous mixture
Term
distillation
Definition
liquid boiled to produce vapor then condenced to for a liquid
Term
element
Definition
simplist form of matter that has a unique set of properties
Term
compound
Definition
substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed porportion
Term
chemical change
Definition
change that produces matter of a dif composition than the one before
Term
chemical symbol
Definition
one or two lettered symbol
Term
chemical property
Definition
ability of a substance to undergo a specific chemical change
Term
product
Definition
substance produced in the reaction
Term
reactant
Definition
substance present at the start of the reaction
Term
chemical reaction
Definition
one of more substances change into one or more new substances
Term
precipitate
Definition
sold that forms and settles out of a liquid mixture
Term
law of conservation of mass
Definition
states that in any physical change or chemical reaction, mass is conserved. Mass is neither created nor distroyed
Term
measurement
Definition
quantity that has both a # and a unit
Term
scientific notation
Definition
given # is written as the product of two numbers
ex) 6.02 X 10^23
Term
accuracy
Definition
measure of how close a measurement comes to the actual or true value of whatever is measured
Term
precision
Definition
measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another
Term
accepted value
Definition
correct value based on reliable references
Term
experimental value
Definition
value measured in the lab
Term
error
Definition
difference between experimental value and accepted value
Term
percent error
Definition
absolute value of the error divided by the accepted value, multiplies by 100%
ex) percent error= |error|/accepted value X 100%
Term
significant figure
Definition
include all digits that are known, plus last digit that is estimated
Term
SI
Definition
revised version of the metric system
Term
weight
Definition
force that measures the pull on a given mass by gravity
Term
temperature
Definition
measure of how hot or cold an object is
Term
the celsius scale
Definition
sets the freezing point of water to zero and boiling point to 100
Term
kelvin scale
Definition
freezing point 273.15 K boililng 373.15 K
Term
absolute zero
Definition
zero point on the Kelvin scale -273.15 degrees celsius
Term
energy
Definition
capacity to do work or to produce heat
Term
Joule (J)
Definition
SI unit of energy
1 J=0.2390 cal
1cal= 4.184 J
Term
Calorie(cal)
Definition
quantity of heat that raises the temp of 1 g of pure water by 1 degree celsius
Term
conversion factor
Definition
ratio of equivalent measurements
Term
dimensional analysis
Definition
way to analyze and solve problems using units, or dimensions, of the measurements
Term
Density
Definition
ratio of mass of an object to its volume
ex) D=M/V
Term
atom
Definition
smallest particle of an element that retains its identity in a chemical reaction
Term
electrons
Definition
negatively charged subatomic particles
Term
cathode ray
Definition
glowing beam
Term
protons
Definition
positively charged subatomic particles
Term
neutrons
Definition
subatomic particles with no charge but with a mass nearly equal to that of a proton
Term
nucleus
Definition
tiny central core of an atom and is composed of protons and neutrons
Term
atomic #
Definition
# of protons in the nucleus
Term
mass #
Definition
total # of protons and neutrons in atom
Term
Number of neutrons
Definition
= mass #- atomic #
Term
isotopes
Definition
atoms that have the same# of protons but different # of neutrons
Term
atomic mass unit (amu)
Definition
defined as 1/12th of the mass of a carbon-12 atom.
Term
atomic mass
Definition
weighted average mass of the atoms in a naturally occurring sample of the element.
Term
period
Definition
row -->
Term
group
Definition
|
|
V
Term
energy levels
Definition
fixed energies electron can have
Term
quantum
Definition
amount of energy required to move an electron from one energy lever to another
Term
atomic orbital
Definition
often thought of as a region of space in which there is a high probability of finding an electron
Term
electron configuration
Definition
electrons arranged in various orbitals around the nuclei of atoms
Term
aufbau principle
Definition
electrons occupy the orbitals of lowest energy first
Term
pauli exclusion principle
Definition
atomic orbital may describe at most two electrons
Term
hund's rule
Definition
electrons occupy orbitals of the same energy in a way that makes the # of electrons with the same spin direction as large as possible
Term
amplitude
Definition
wave's height from zero to the crest
Term
wavelenth
Definition
distance between the crests
Term
frequency
Definition
v;# of wave cycles to pass a given point per unit of time
Term
electromagnetic radiation
Definition
includes radio waves, microwaves, light etc
Term
spectrum
Definition
different frequencies
Term
atomic emission spectrum
Definition
frequencies of light emitted by electron
Term
ground state
Definition
electron has lowest possible energy
Term
photons
Definition
light quanta
Term
heisenberg uncertainty principle
Definition
it is impossible to know exactly both the velocity and the position of a particle at the same time
Term
periodic law
Definition
when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic #, there is a periodic repetition of their physical and chemical properties
Term
metals
Definition
good conductors of heat and electric currents
Term
metalloid
Definition
generally has properties that are similar to those of metals and nonmetals
Term
noble gases
Definition
elements in group 8A
Term
representative elements
Definition
display a wide range of physical and chemical properties
Term
inner transition metal
Definition
highest occupied s sublevel and a nearby f sublevel generally contain electrons
Term
transition metals
Definition
highest occupied s and d sublevel contain electrons
Term
anion
Definition
ion with negative charge
Term
valence electrons
Definition
are the electrons in the highest occupied energy level
Term
electron dot structures
Definition
diagrams that show valence electron dots
Term
octet rule
Definition
in forming compounds atoms tend to achieve the electron configuration of a noble gas
Term
halide ions
Definition
ions produced when atoms of chlorine and other halogens gain electrons
Term
ionic compounds
Definition
compounds composed of cations and anions
Term
ionic bond
Definition
electrostatic forces that hold ions together in ionice compounds
Term
chemical formula
Definition
shows the kinds and #'s of atoms in the smalles representative unit of a substance
Term
formula unit
Definition
lowest whole number ration of ions in an ionic compound
Term
coordination #
Definition
# of ions of opposite charge that surround the ion in a crystal
Term
Metallic bonds
Definition
consist of the attraction of free-floating valence electrons for the positively charged metal ions
Term
alloys
Definition
mixtures composed of two or more elements at least one of which is a metal
Term
covalent bond
Definition
atoms held together by sharing electrons
Term
molecule
Definition
neutral group of atoms joined together by covalent bonds
Term
diatomic molecule
Definition
molecule consisting of 2 oxygen atoms
Term
molecular compound
Definition
compound composed of molecules
Term
molecular formula
Definition
chemical formula of a molecular compound
Term
single covalent bond
Definition
2 atoms held together by sharing a pair of electrons
Term
structural formula
Definition
represents the covalent bonds by dashes and shows the arrangements of covalently bonded atoms
Term
unshared pair
Definition
pair of valence electrons that is not shared between atoms
Term
double covalent bond
Definition
bond involving two shared pairs of electrons
Term
triple covalent bond
Definition
bond formed by sharing 3 pairs of electrons
Term
coordinate covalent bond
Definition
covalent bond in which one atom contributes both bonding electrons
Term
bond dissociation energy
Definition
energy required to break the bond between two covalently bonded atoms
Term
resonance structure
Definition
structure that occurs when it is possible to draw two or more valid electron dot structures that have the same # of electron pairs for a molecular molecule or ion
Term
molecular orbital
Definition
orbitals that apply to the entire molecule
Term
molecular orbital
Definition
orbitals that apply to the entire molecule
Term
bonding orbital
Definition
molecular orbital that can be occupied by two electrons of a covalent bond
Term
sigma bond
Definition
when 2 atomic orbitals combine to for a molecullar orbital that is symmetrical around the axis connecting two atomic nuclei
Term
pi bond
Definition
bonding electrons are most likely to be found in a sausage shaped regions above and below the bond axis of the bonded atom
Term
tetrahedral angle
Definition
109.5
Term
hybridization
Definition
several atomic orbitals mix to for the same total # of equivalent hybrid orbitals
Term
nonpolar covalent bond
Definition
bonding electrons share equally
Term
polar covalent bond
Definition
covalent bond between atoms in which the electrons are shared unequally
Term
polar molecule
Definition
one end of the molecule is slightly negative and the other end is slightly positive
Term
dipole interactions
Definition
occur when polar molecules are attracted to one another
Term
dispersion forces
Definition
the weakest of all molecular interactions, are caused by the motion of electrons
Term
hydrogen bonds
Definition
are attractive forces in which a hydrogen covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom is also weakly bonded to an unshared electron pair of another electronegative atom
Term
network solids
Definition
solids in which all the atoms are covalently bonded to each other
Term
binary compound
Definition
composed of 2 elements and can be either ionic or molecular
Term
mole
Definition
representative particles measuring the amount of a substance
Term
representative particle
Definition
refers to the species present in a substance
Term
avagadros #
Definition
6.02 X10^23
Term
molar mass
Definition
mass of mole
Term
STP
Definition
temp of 0
Term
percent composition
Definition
percent by which mass of each element in the compound
Term
empirical formula
Definition
gives the lowest whole-number ratio of atoms of the elements in a compound
Term
chemical equation
Definition
representation of a chemical reaction
Term
skeleton equation
Definition
chemical equation that does not indicate the relative amounts of the reactants and products
Term
catlyst
Definition
substance that speeds up
Term
coefficients
Definition
small whole numbers placed in front of
Term
balanced equation
Definition
each side of the equation has the same # of atoms
Term
combo reaction
Definition
chemical change in which two or more substances react to form a single new substance
Term
single replacement reaction
Definition
chemical change in which one element replaces a second element in a compound
Term
activity series
Definition
lists metals of decreasing reactivity
Term
combustion reactions
Definition
reacts with oxygen
Term
complete ionic equation
Definition
equation that shows dissolved ionic compounds as dissociated free ions
Term
spectator ion
Definition
ion appears on both sides
Term
net ionic equation
Definition
directly involved
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