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Chemistry Unit 4
Chp.10,11Alkanes, alkenes, aromatic
31
Chemistry
Undergraduate 1
06/29/2012

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Term
aliphatic hydrocarbon
Definition
Contain only carbon and hydrogen and can be divided into 4 families: alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes and alkynes
Term
alkane
Definition
saturated hydrocarbons because they contain only carbon and hydrogen and have only carbon-to-hydrogen and carbon -to-carbon single bonds Example: ethane CH3CH3
Term
alkyl halide
Definition
a substituted hydrocarbon with thegeneral structure R-X, in which R-represents any alkyl group and X=a halogen (F-, Cl-, Br- or I-)
Term
polymer
Definition
are macromolecules composed of repeating structural units called monomers
Term
combustion
Definition
the oxidation of hydrocarbons by burning in the presence of air to produce carbon dioxide and water
Term
hydrocarbons
Definition
Contain a carbon and hydrogen
Term
saturated hydrocarbon
Definition
no carbon to carbon multiple bonds (alkane)
Term
alkyl group
Definition
are alkanes with one fewer hydrogen atoms
Example: methyl; ethyl; propyl; butyl; pentyl
Term
Primary carbon
Definition
is directly bonded to one other carbon
Term
Secondary carbon
Definition
is bonded to two other carbon atoms
Term
teriary carbon
Definition
is bonded to three other carbon atoms
Term
quaternary carbon
Definition
is bonded to four other carbon atoms
Term
IUPAC nomenclature
Definition
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry is responsible for establishing and maintaining a standard, universal system for naming organic compounds
Term
condensed structural formula
Definition
a structural formula showing all of the atoms in a molecule and placing them in a sequential arrangement that details which atoms are bonded to each other; the bonds themselves are not shown
Term
conformations
Definition
discrete, distinct isomeric structures that may be converted, one to the other, by rotation about the bonds in the molecule
Term
constitutional isomers
Definition
two molecules having the same molecular formulas, but different chemical structures
Term
cycloalkane
Definition
a cyclic alkane; a saturated hydrocarbon that has the general formula CnH2n
Term
cis-trans isomers
Definition
isomers that differ from one another in the placement of substituents on a double bond or ring
Term
functional group
Definition
an atom (or group of atoms and their bonds) that imparts specific chemical or physical properties to a molecule
Term
geometric isomers
Definition
an isomer that differs from another isomer in the placement of substituents on a double bond or ring
Term
halogenation
Definition
a reaction in which one of the C--H bonds of a hydrocarbon is replaced with a C--X bond (X=Br or Cl generally)
Term
molecular formula
Definition
a formula that provides the atoms and number of each type of atom in a molecule but gives no information regarding the bonding pattern involved in the structure of the molecule
Term
alkene
Definition
a hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon-carbon double bonds ; an unsaturated hydrocarbon with the general formula CnH2n
Term
aromatic hydrocarbon
Definition
an organic compound that contains the benzene ring or a derivative of the benzene ring
Term
geometric isomer
Definition
an isomer that differs from another isomer in the placement of substituents on a double bond or a ring
Term
halogenation
Definition
a reaction in which one of the C--H bonds of a hydrocarbon is replaced with a C--X bond (X=Br or Cl generally)
Term
hydration
Definition
a reaction inwhich water is added to a molecule,e.g., the addition of water to an alkene to form an alcohol
Term
hydrogenation
Definition
a reaction in which hydrogen (H2) is added to a double or triple bond
Term
Markovnikov's rule
Definition
the rule stating that a hydrogen atom, adding to a carbon-carbon double bond, will add to the carbon having the larger number of hydrogens attached to it.
Term
phenyl group
Definition
a benzene ring that has had a hydrogen atom removed C6H5--
Term
unsaturated hydrocarbon
Definition
a hydrocarbon containing at least one multiple (double or triple) bond
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