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Chemistry Unit 12
Redox Reactions (Honors Extension)
5
Chemistry
11th Grade
05/29/2014

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Term
Oxidation Preview
Definition

In most chemical reactions, the "charge" for any given element remains constant

ie.)Na2SO4 + FeCl3 → Fe2(SO4)3 + NaCl...charges remain constant:

Na+1→ Na+1

SO4-2→ SO4-2

Fe+3→ Fe+3

Cl-1→Cl-1

However, in some synthesis or single displacement reactions, the charges may change, also known as changes in oxidation


Term
Oxidation Number
Definition

Indicates [hypothetically] the number of electrons lost, gained or shared as a result of chemical bonding. The change in oxidation state of a species (the change in charge) lets you know if it has undergone oxidation or reduction


Term
Rules For Assigning the Oxidation Number
Definition

1. The oxidation number of any uncombined element is zero.

Ex.) H2, O2, Fe, etc. = 0 for the oxidation #

2. The oxidation number of monoatomic ions equal the charge of the ion:

Group IA: +1

Group 2A: +2

Flourine (& most Halogens): -1

Oxygen: -2

Hydrogen: +1 (when bonded to a non-metal)

Hydrogen: -1 (when bonded to a metal)

3. Conservation of Charge

-neutral compounds - net charge= 0

      hydrogen  oxygen  sulfur

Ex 1.)H2SO4:subscript→ 2(+1) + 4(-2) + 1(x) =0

                         charge↑

seperate the compound, H2SO4 into the monatomic ions, hydrogen, oxygen and sulfur. According to the above boldface section, the KNOWN charges of the ions are hydrogen and oxygen. Set the equation equal to zero as completed above and find the charge of sulfur.

2 + -8 + x = 0...x=+6...sulfur has a +6 charge!

hydrogen  oxygen  sulfur

Ex. 2)H2S2O5:      2(+1) + 5(-2) + 2(x) = 0

2 + -10 + 2x = 0... x= +4...sulfur has a +4 charge!

Ex. 3)(NH4)2S: The charges of Nitrogen(N) AND Sulfur(S) are unknown. Find the oxidation name for Sulfur by "criss-crossing" the charges first: (NH4)2+1S-2. Now, find Nitrogen's charge:

2(x) + 8(+1) + 1(-2)= 0

2x + 8 + -2 = 0...Nitrogen has a +3 charge while Hydrogen has a +1 charge and Sulfur has a -2 charge

 

 -Polyatomic ions - net charge= ion charge

nitrogen  oxygen

Ex. 1)NO2-1:                  x + 2(-2) = -1

x + -4 = -1...x = +3!

Phosphorus  Oxygen

Ex. 2)PO4-3:                  1(x) + 4(-2) = -3

x + -8 = -3...x = +5;

phosphorus has a charge of +5 while oxygen has a charge of -2


Term

Oxidation Vs. Reduction

Oxidizing Agent & Reducing Element

Definition

1.Oxidation: the process by which electrons are removed from atoms or ions

(oxidation # increases)

OIL: Oxidation Is Loss (a loss of electrons when oxidation occurs, thus the ion becomes more positive)

2.Reduction: the process by which electrons are added to atoms or ions

(oxidation #decreases)

RIG: Reduction Is Gain

3.Oxidizing Agent: the element that undergoes a decrease in oxidation number (element is BEING reduced, thus its gaining electrons)

4.Reducing Agent: the element that undergoes an increase in oxidation number (element BEING oxidized)

 

*In Short: the element(1) being oxidized is called the reducing agent because as it loses/gives up its electrons, it in turn helps the other element(2) in the problem become reduced as those given up electrons are gained by that element(2). This element(2) that is being reduced because it gains these electrons is called the oxidizing agent because it helps to take the electrons that the oxidizing element(1) gave.

(The element being oxidized is the reducing agent while the element being reduced is the oxidizing agent)

 

*Coefficients are IMPORTANT - the equation must be balanced!!


Term
Examples for Oxidation and Reduction
Definition

*You must find the Oxidizing 1/2 rxn and the Reducing 1/2 rxn in order to show how the elements are being oxidized and reduced.

 

Ex. 1) 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO

...2MgO can be interpreted as 2[Mg+2][O-2]. The reactant Magnesium is oxidized as the product of magnesium loses 2 electrons and thus has a +2 charge. Oxygen is reduced as it gains 2 electrons and thus has a -2 charge.

-Ox. 1/2 rxn: Magnesium is being oxidized as it loses electrons because oxygen, the oxidizing agent, helps it to take them away

...2Mg →2Mg+2...oxidation; electrons are lost. There are 2 magnesium ions giving up 2 electrons each. 4 electrons are lost total.

2Mg → 2Mg+2 + 4e-! ( 0 = 4 + -4)

-Red. 1/2 rxn: Oxygen is reduced as it gains electrons because magnesium, the reducing agent, helps it to gain them. O2+ 4e-→ 2O-2! (0 + -4 = -4)

oxygen takes electrons(4e-) to become that product(2O-2)

 

Ex. 2) 2Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2

charges:                    0        +1 -1      +2 -1       0

2H+1 in HCl (the reactant) is being reduced to H+0 in H2 (the product). 2Zn+0 (the reactant) is being oxidized to  Zn+2 in ZnCl2 (the product). The oxidizing agent is Hydrogen as it helps to oxidize Zinc. The reducing agent is Zinc as it helps to reduce Hydrogen.

-Ox. 1/2 rxn: 2Zn → Zn+2 + 2e-! (0 = 2 + -2)

-Red. 1/2 rxn: 2H+1 + 2e- → H2! (2 + -2 = 0)

(chlorine is neither being oxidized or reduced because its charges remain the same throughout the equation, thus it is not included here)

 

Ex. 3) H2 + Br2 → 2HBr

charges:                           0        0        +1 -1

H20 is being oxidized to 2H+1 while Br20 is being reduced to 2Br-1. Bromine is the oxidation agent as it oxidizes hydrogen by taking away electrons and making hydrogen more positive. Hydrogen is the reducing agent as it reduces bromine by giving it electrons and making bromine more negative.

-Ox. 1/2 rxn: H20 → 2H+1 +2e-! (0 = 2 + -2)

-Red. 1/2 rxn: Br20 + 2e- → 2Br-1! (0 + -2 = -2)

 

Ex.4) 2FeBr3 + 3Cl2 → 2FeCl3 + 3Br2

charges:               +3 -1          0          +3 -1         0

*6Br-1 (from 2FeBr3, the reactant) is being oxidized into 3Br2 while 3Cl2 is being reduced into *6Cl3-1 (from 2FeCl3, the product). Fe's charge doesn't change. Bromine is the reduction agent as it helps to reduce chlorine(by 1) and make it more negative by giving Chlorine 1 electron while Chlorine is the oxidation agent as it helps to oxidize Bromine(by 1) and make it more postive by taking away 1 electron.

[*Note: Br is a diatomic element so Br2 exists. However, Br3 doesn't exist. The 3 on Br is Fe's charge. So, multiply the coefficient(2) with the subscript(3) to get 6Br which does exist. This occurs with 6Cl3 as well. This is basically like getting your ionic equation back in Unit 9: 2FeBr3 = 2Fe+3 + 6Br-1]

-Ox. 1/2 rxn: 6Br-1 → 3Br2 + 6e- ! (-6 = 0 + -6)

-Red. 1/2 rxn: 3Cl2 + 6e- → 6Cl-1 ! (0 + -6 = -6)

 

Ex.5) Zn  CuCl2 → Cu + ZnCl2

charges:                     0    +2 -1         0     +2 -1

Zn0 oxidizes into Zn+2 and Cu+2 reduces into Cu0. The charge of Cl2 doesn't change. Cu is the oxidizing agent as it helps Zn to become more positive(by 2) by giving up its 2 electrons while Zn is the reducing agent as it helps Cu become more negative(by 2) by giving up its(Zn) 2 electrons.

-Ox. 1/2 rxn: Zn → Zn+2 + 2e- ! (0 = 2 + -2)

-Red. 1/2 rxn: Cu+2 + 2e- → Cu ! (2 + -2 = 0)

 

Ex.6) 2Al + 3Cl2 → 2AlCl3

charges:                         0        0          +3 -1

Oxidized: Aluminum

Reduced: Chlorine

Oxidizing Agent: Chlorine

Reducing Agent: Almuminum

-Ox. 1/2 rxn: 2Al → 2Al+3 + 6e- (0 = 6 + -6)

-Red. 1/2 rxn: 3Cl2 + 6e-→ 6Cl-1 (0 + -6 = -6)

 

Ex. 7) 2Na + FeCl2 → 2NaCl + Fe

charge:                       0      +2 -1        +1 -1       0

Oxidized and reducing agent: Na

Reduced and oxidizing agnet: Fe

-Ox. 1/2 rxn: 2Na  → 2Na+1 + 2e-

-Red. 1/2 rxn: Fe+2 + 2e- → Fe

 

Ex. 8) 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

charge:                              0       0        +1 -2

Oxidized and reducing agent: H

Reduced and oxidizing agnet: O

-Ox. 1/2 rxn: 2H2 → 4H+1 + 4e-

-Red. 1/2 rxn:O2 + 4e- → 2O-2

Ex. 9) 2Cu + 2HNO3 → 2CuNO3 + H2

charge:                    0      +1 +5 -2      +1 +5 -2      0

Oxidized and reducing agent: Cu

Reduced and oxidizing agent: H

-Ox. 1/2 rxn: 2Cu → 2Cu+1 + 2e-

-Red. 1/2 rxn: 2H+1 + 2e- → H2

 

Ex. 10) AgNO3 + Cu → CuNO3 + Ag

charge:                   +1 +5 -2      0      +1 +5 -2      0

Oxidized and reducing agent: Cu

Reduced and oxidizing agent: Ag

-Ox. 1/2 rxn: Cu → Cu+1 + e-

-Red. 1/2 rxn: Ag+1 + e- → Ag


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