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| step in scientific method that requires you to use your senses to obtain info |
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| developing plan and then implementing plan |
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| step that should always be followed for effective problem solving |
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| have solutions that normally do not involve calculations |
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| express product of 2.2 mm and 5.00 mm using correct number of significant digits |
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| temperature scale that has no negative temperatures |
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| what is -34°C expressed in Kelvins? |
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| if temp changes by 100 K, by how much does it change in °C? |
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| if temp of piece of steel decreases, what happens to its density? |
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| strutcture of muscle cell |
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| can be observed only in microscopic view |
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| if liter of water is heated from 20°C to 50°C, what happens to its volume? |
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| what is quantity 7896 millimeters expressed in meters? |
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| what is quantity 987 milligrams expressed in grams? |
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| express product of 4.0 x 10-2 m and 8.1 x 102 m using correct number of significant digits |
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| what is 1042 L rounded off to 2 significant digits? |
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| diameter of carbom atom is 0.000 000 000 154 m. what is this number expressed in scientific notation? |
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| boiling point of water in kelvins |
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| what is 111.009 mm rounded off to 4 significant digits? |
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| temp of absolute 0 measured in °C |
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| about same as volume occupied by washing machine |
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| volume of salt crystal measuring 2.44 x 10-2 m by 1.4 x 10-3 m by 8.4 x 10-3 m |
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| leaf changing color in autumn |
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Definition
| chemist would most likely study |
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Definition
divide mass by volume
(m/v) |
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| major contribution to chemistry by Antoine Lavoisier |
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Definition
| showed that oxygen is required for material to burn |
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| helped transform chemistry form science of observation to science of measurement; debeloped balance that could measure small differences in mass; part of general movement toward basing conclusions on experimental evidence |
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| substances formed in chemical reaction |
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| part of sysem w/uniform composition and properties |
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| alters substance w/o changing its chemical composition |
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| matter that flows but has no definite volume |
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| amount of matter that object contains |
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| matter w/definite shape and volume |
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| anything that takes up space and has mass |
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| starting substances in chemical reaction |
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| definite volume, able to flow, not easily compressed |
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Definition
| physical properties of substance in liquid state |
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in chemical reaction
iron plus oxygen→iron oxide |
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| chemical symbol for sodium |
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| basketball contains more matter |
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Definition
| basketball has more mass than golf ball because...... |
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| takes shape and volume of its container |
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| can be physically separated into its elements |
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| color and solubility; desity and odor; melting and boiling points |
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Definition
| physical properties of substance |
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| when iron and oxygen combine to form iron oxide |
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| has invarying composition |
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| consists of 2 or more phases |
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gaseous substance that's generally liquid at room temp
(sometimes) |
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| atoms of each element have different number of protons |
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Definition
| how atoms of 1 element differ from those of another element |
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| different number of neutrons and different atomic mass |
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Definition
| how 2 isotopes of same element differ |
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Term
| 3d is in line w/4s, but because of orbital overlap, 4s must be filled 1st. in sublevel d, energy level is n-1. also, s sublevel is smallest sublevel so it must be filled 1st. |
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Definition
| why 4s sublevel fills before 3d sublevel begins to fill as electrons are added |
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Term
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Definition
| uses 4 different quantum numbers to describe location of each electron in atom |
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| Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle |
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Definition
| more certain we are about position of electron, less certain we are about its momentum |
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Definition
| what each period in periodic table corresponds to |
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Definition
| arranged elements according to atomic mass and used arrangement to predict properties of missing elements |
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| electron configurations of noble gases |
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Definition
| highest occupied s and p sublevels are completely filled |
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| filled highest occupied principal energy sublevel |
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Definition
| electron configuration most likely to result in element that's relatively inactive |
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Definition
| atomic radius change from top to bottom in group in periodic table |
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| atomic radius change from left to right across period in periodic table |
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| they are same element and are electrically neutral |
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Definition
| why isotopes of same element have same chemical behavior |
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| electons added to same principal energy level |
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Definition
| causes shielding effect to remain constant across period |
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Definition
| generally decreases as you move from left to right across period |
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Definition
| element in 2nd period that has largest atomic radius |
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| more shielding of electrons by highest occupied energy lever |
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Definition
| factor that contributes to increase in atomic size w/in group in periodic table as atomic number increases |
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Definition
| positive charge; forms when atom loses electrons |
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| common among nonmetals; form when atom gains electrons; negative charge |
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| written as numbers followed by + or - |
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| lowest electronegativity value |
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| highest electronegativity value |
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| energy required to remove electron form atom in gaseous state |
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| factor that contributes to decrease in ioniation energy w/in group in periodic table as atomic number increases |
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Definition
| smallest 1st ionization energy |
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Definition
| generally increases from left to right across period |
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| increase in number of protons |
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Definition
| factor that contributes to increase in ionization energy from left to right across period |
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| ionization energy increases |
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Definition
| as you move from left to right across 2nd period of periodic table |
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Definition
| number of valence electrons in atom of phosphorus |
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| in chemical compounds, atoms tend to have electron configuration of noble gas |
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| oppositely-charged ions attract |
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| most likely to form ionic compound |
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| held together by ionic bonds; composed of anions and cations; a salt |
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| number of oppositely-charged ions surrounding particular ion |
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| attraction of metal ions for mobile electrons |
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coordination number of
body-centered cubic crystal |
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| number of electrons shared in single covalent bond |
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| energy required to break single bond |
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| to attain noble gas electron configuration |
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Definition
| reason atoms share electrons in covalent bonds |
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| coordinate covalent bonds |
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Definition
| same of normal covalent bonds |
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Definition
| when total number of valence electrons is odd |
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Definition
| substances in which all of electrons are paired |
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Definition
| side-by-side overlap of p orbitals |
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Definition
| based on quantum mechanical model |
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Definition
| formed by overlap of 2 atomic orbitals from different atoms |
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Definition
| orbital that has highest energy |
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Definition
| because electrons have lower energy in bonding orbital than they do in their atomic orbitals, and therefore, bonded structure is more stable |
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Definition
| where electrons are most probably located in molecular bonding orbital |
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Definition
| bond that's symmetrical along axis between 2 atomic nuclei; formed as result of overlapping of s and p atomic orbitals |
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| molecular antibonding orbital unfavorable to bonding between atoms |
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Definition
| because electrons aren't located between nuclei, and therefore, repulsive forces are increased |
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Definition
| pi bond formed by overlap of 2 p orbitals |
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Definition
| molecules adjust their shapes to keep pairs of valence electrons as far apart as possible |
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| repulsive forces between specific electrons |
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Definition
| causes water molecules to have bent shape, according to VSEPR |
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| thought to cause dispersion forces |
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Definition
| caused by attraction between polar molecules; weakest "bond" |
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Definition
| caused by bonding of covalently bonded hydrogen to unshared electron pair |
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Definition
| if more than 1 charge, numerical value of charge is indicated by roman numeral following name |
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Definition
| number of atoms of each element present in molecule is indicated by prefixes |
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| law of definite proportions |
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Definition
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Definition
| lowest whole-number ratio of ions in ionic compound |
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Definition
| what elements are always combined in same proportion by in chemical compound |
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| represents ionic coumpound |
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Definition
| represents molecular compound |
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| illustrates law of multiple proportions |
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| all binary compounds (ionic and molecular) |
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| prefix hydro- used when name of anion ends in -ide |
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