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Chemistry Lecture Final
General Chemistry 1 Final
86
Chemistry
Undergraduate 1
12/04/2015

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Term
how to tell if an element is atomic or molecular
Definition
Atomic = an element that does not exist in nature diatomically
molecular = an element that is diatomic in nature (Br, I, N, Cl, H, O, F)
Term
how to identify a molecular compound
Definition
has two or more covalently bonded nonmetals
Term
ACETATE
Definition
C2H302-
Term
CARBONATE
Definition
CO3 2-
Term
HYDROGEN CARBONATE (BICARBONATE)
Definition
HCO3 2-
Term
HYDROXIDE
Definition
OH-
Term
NITRITE
Definition
NO2 -
Term
NITRATE
Definition
NO3 -
Term
CHROMATE
Definition
CRO4 2-
Term
DICHROMATE
Definition
CR2O7 2-
Term
PHOSPHATE
Definition
PO4 3-
Term
HYDROGEN PHOSPHATE
Definition
HPO4 2-
Term
DIHYDROGEN PHOSPHATE
Definition
H2PO4 -
Term
AMMONIUM
Definition
NH4 +
Term
HYPOCHLORITE
Definition
CLO -
Term
CHLORITE
Definition
CLO2 -
Term
CHLORATE
Definition
CLO3 -
Term
PERCHLORATE
Definition
CLO4 -
Term
PERMANGANATE
Definition
MN04 -
Term
SULFITE
Definition
SO3 2-
Term
HYDROGEN SULFITE (BISULFITE)
Definition
HSO3 -
Term
SULFATE
Definition
SO4 2-
Term
HYDROGEN SULFATE (BISULFATE)
Definition
HSO4 -
Term
CYANIDE
Definition
CN -
Term
PEROXIDE
Definition
O2 2-
Term
how to identify a OXYACID
Definition
contain hydrogen oxygen and some other nonmetal
Term
how to identify hydrocarbon
Definition
compound containing only carbon and hydrogen
Term
how to identify a functionalized hydrocarbon
Definition
contains on OH functional group
Term
molarity
Definition
mols of substance / liters of soln
Term
oxidation
Definition
loss of electrons
Term
reduction
Definition
gain of electrons
Term
What are the postulates of John Daltons atomic theory of matter
Definition
1) all matter is composed of indivisible and indestructible atoms
2) an element is a type of matter composed of only one type of atom
3) a compound or molecule is a type of matter composed of two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions
4) A chemical reaction is where a substance is changed into a new substance
Term
what are the three temp scales measured relative too
Definition
Fahrenheit - measured relative to salt water
Celsius - measured relative to pure water
Kelvin - absolute, measured relative to motion of atoms
Term
formula for Celsius to kelvin
Definition
C + 273.15
Term
how to get to Fahrenheit from celcius
Definition
F-32/1.8
Term
the law of conservation of matter
Definition
matter is neither created nor destroyed
Term
the law of multiple proportions
Definition
elements can combine in more than one set of proportions, with each set of proportions corresponding to a diff compound
Term
the law of definite proportions
Definition
all samples of a given compound have the same proportions of their constituent elements
Term
what are cathode ray particles and who discovered them
Definition
electron streams, JJ Thompson
Term
what is the definition of wavelength
Definition
the distance between any adjacent identical points on a wave
Term
shorter wavelength = ?
Definition
higher energies
Term
what is heat
Definition
energy in transit
Term
the first law of thermodynamics
Definition
says that the total energy in the universe is constant
Term
energy is released in a chemical reaction when
Definition
bonds are formed
Term
energy is consumed in during a chemical reaction when
Definition
bonds are broken
Term
fuels always have what type of enthalpy
Definition
a negative enthalpy, ie negative delta H
Term
fuels are endo or exothermic
Definition
exothermic
Term
standard state enthalpies are measured at what temp and pressure
Definition
25 C and 1 atm
Term
amplitude
Definition
vertical height of a wave or depth of a trough
Term
frequency
Definition
the number of wave crests that pass a through a stationary point in a given period of time
Term
equation to find frequency (V)
Definition
frequency (v) = speed of light (c)/ wavelength (lambda)
Term
unit used to define frequency
Definition
hertz (hz)
Term
what is the photoelectric effect
Definition
the observation that many metals emit electrons when light shines upon them
Term
how to measure the energy of a photon
Definition
energy (E) = h(plancks constant)*v(frequency)/wavelength (lambda)
Term
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
Definition
the more accurately you know the position of an electron the less accurately you know the position and vice versa
Term
principal quantum number (n) represents what
Definition
size and energy of the orbital (n can be 1-8)
Term
angualar momentum quantum number (L)represents what
Definition
shape of the orbital (n-1)
Term
magnetic quantum number (m sub L) represents what
Definition
orientation in space (-L through +L)
Term
shape of the s orbital
Definition
spherical
Term
shape of the p orbital
Definition
dumbbell
Term
shape of the d orbital
Definition
double dumbbell
Term
first ionization energy
Definition
minimum energy required to completely remove an electron from a ground state atom In the gas phase
Term
hunds rule
Definition
every orbital in a subshell must be singly occupied before any one orbital is doubly occupied, all singly occupied must have same spin
Term
pauli exclusion principle
Definition
no two electrons in an atom can have the same four quantum numbers (must have opposite spin)
Term
how to know if something will interact with magnet
Definition
full subshell = wont interact
not full subshell = will interact
Term
five basic shapes of VSEPR theory
Definition
linear
bent
trigonal planar
trigonal pyramidal
tetrahedral
Term
linear bond angle
Definition
180 degrees
Term
trigonal planar bond angle
Definition
120 degrees
Term
bent bond angle
Definition
109.5 or 120 degrees
Term
tetrahedral bond angle
Definition
109.5
Term
trigonal pyramidal bond angle
Definition
109.5
Term
how to tell if a molecule is polar by looks
Definition
central atom has one or more lone pairs = polar
Term
how to tell if a molecule is non polar by looks
Definition
central atom has no lone pairs and all of the outer atoms are identical = non polar
Term
second way to tell if a molecule is polar by looks
Definition
central atom has no lone pairs and the outer atoms are not identical = polar
Term
how to tell if something will have a resonance hybrid
Definition
central atom bonded to more than one oxygen with double or triple bonds it is a tipoff
Term
what are the three postulates of kinetic molecular theory
Definition
1) the size of a particle is negligibly small
2) the avg kinetic energy of a particle is proportional to them temp in K
3) the collisions between particles and their containers are elastic
Term
three types of intermolecular forces
Definition
dispersion (London forces)
Dipole-Dipole forces
Hydrogen Bonding
Term
dispersion forces exist where
Definition
in all molecules
Term
dipole-dipole forces exist where
Definition
in polar molecules
Term
hydrogen bonding forces exist where
Definition
in polar molecules where H atoms are bonded to FON, super dipole force
Term
how to change from liquid to gas
Definition
increase heat or reduce pressure
Term
gasses are least ideal when
Definition
high pressure and low temp
Term
a molecules weight relates to dispersion forces how
Definition
the heavier the molecule the higher the dispersion forces
Term
how does boiling point relate to intermolecular forces
Definition
higher boiling point = stronger IMF
Term
how do IMF relate to viscosity
Definition
high IMF = high viscosity
Term
boiling occurs when the pressure of the vapor...
Definition
when the pressure of the vapor equals the pressure being exerted from surroundings
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