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Chem
chapter 5 6 8 exam
24
Chemistry
Undergraduate 2
04/14/2013

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Term

 

  1. Percentage of  Earth’s water, both surface and total volume

CH 5

 

Definition
97 percent
Term

 

Bottled water vs  tap water, differences in purity, safety, and cost


CH 5
Definition

 

  • bottled water $250 to $10,000 more than tap
    • tap: safe not pure Cheapest
    • filtered: safe, not pure, middle

 

Term

 

Definitions:  potable, aquifer, ground, surface, solute, solvent, solution

 

Definition
  • potable - fit for consumption able to drink
  • aquifer - underground water
  • ground - pumped from wells drilled into underground aquifers
  • surface - from lakes, rivers, reservoirs
  • solute - Substances dissolved in a solvent  usually present in the lesser amount.
  • solvent - Substances capable of dissolving other substances  usually present in the greater amount.
  • solution - homogeneous mixture of uniform composition
Term

 

Molarity: what is it, how expressed, calculate (moles, volume)

 

Definition
  • Molarity (M) = moles solute
     liter of solution
    1.0 M NaCl solution  

    [NaCl] = 1.0 M = 1.0 mol NaCl/L solution

Term

 

Hydrogen bonding:  covalent bonding,  which is stronger

 

Definition
  • Hydrogen bond is an electrostatic attraction between an atom 1+ positive charge in one molecule and 1- charge in a neighboring molecule.  The H atom must be bonded to an O, N, or F atom.
    H–bonds are intermolecular bond
  • stronger than covalent bonds
  • Covalent bond  intramolecular bonds
Term

 

Conductivity of aqueous solutions,  dissociation

 

Definition
  • (a) Pure distilled water (nonconducting)
    (b) Sugar dissolved in water (nonconducting): a nonelectrolyte
    (c) NaCl dissolved in water (conducting): an electrolyte
Term

 

Water treatment plant:  basic operation and 4 key steps

 

Definition
    1. *filtration passes through a screen and flocculating agent
    2. *flocculation goes through paddles and flocculation
    3. passes through setting tank
    4. *filtration goes through coal, sand filter
    5. passes through a pump
    6. *Chlorination goes through chlorination
      1. kills bacteria
Term
Ozonation vs chlorination of municipal water plants *
Definition
chlorinate water to kill bacteria
Term

 

  1. Heavy metals in drinking water, (lead, mercury, cadmium)
 

 

Definition
    • Lead
    • Mercury 
    • cadmium
  • *intermolecular bonds are Hydrogen bonds ()
  • *intramolecular bonds are covalent  (the same)
Term

 

Reverse Osmosis & Distillation how they work, sea water purification

 

Definition
  • uses pressure to force the movement of water through a

    semipermeable membrane from a solution that is more concentrated to a solution that is less concentrated

Term

 

Acids, bases:  definitions, key characteristics, what are the ions involved

 

Definition
  • Acid - a substance that releases hydrogen ions H++ in aq
  • Base - any compound that produces hydroxide OH
Term

 

Neutralization:  definition, what is meant by it in terms of [ ] of H+ and OH-

 

Definition
  • Neutralization - when acids and bases react with each other, reactions hydrogen from an acid combine with hydroxide ions from a base to form molecules in water
    • acid solutions are higher concentration of H+ 
    • basic solutions are higher concentration of OH-
Term

 

What is pH, low pH, high pH, examples of each, pH scale (0-14)

 

Definition
  • ph scale (pink acid left)1...........7.............14 (blue base right)
  • low ph is pink acidic 1-6
  • high ph is blue base 8-14
  • between 5.6 and 7 is when normal rain has ph 
Term

 

Why is “normal” rain acidic, pH of normal rain, what causes the acidity

 

Definition
  • CO2 carbon dioxide 
  • sox and nox cause acid rain (SO2 and NO3)
Term

 

What are the key pollutants in acid rain, where do they come from, how do they cause acidity, how are they mitigated to reduce acid rain

 

Definition
coal powered electric plants,
Term

 

How does acid rain affect our world (buildings, monuments, lakes, etc),

 

Definition
  • Materials: deteriorates buildings cultural objects and cars decreasing value (rusting metal)

    Human Health: sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide in air increases death from asthma and bronchitis

    Visibility: impairs visibility and affects enjoyment of national parks and other scientific views

    Surface water: injures animal life in lakes and streams

    Forests: impairs the growth of trees and wild life as well as injuring insects

Term

 

Batteries, galvanic cells, electrolytic cells

 

Definition
  • Batteries: system for the direct conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy. 
  • Galvanic cells: a device that converts the energy released in a spontaneous chemical reaction into electrical energy.
  • Electrolytic cells
Term

 

Oxidation (loss of e’s), Reduction (gain of e’s)

 

Definition
  • orange ant oxidation and anoid 
  • red cat reduction at cathoid
Term

 

Types of common galvanic cells, what they are used for, characteristics that are needed for cell phones, ipods, pda’s

 

Definition
    • Alkaline 1.5 volts not Rechargeable flashlights
    • lithium iodine 2.7 not Rechargeable pacemakers
    • lithium ion 3.7 yes laptops cellphones (lightweight, run for awhile, solid and rechargable)
    • lead acid 2.0 yes car battery
    • nickel cadmium 1.3 yes cameras and power tools
    • nickel metal hydride (NiMH 1.3) yes hybrid vehicle battery 
    • mercury 1.3 no used to be battery but now being banned
Term

 

Storage batteries, reversible, alternators in cars

 

Definition
  • Storage batteries: (old batteries) lead acid are storage batteries, anode = Pb lead, cathode = PbO2
  • Reversible: makes batteries rechargeable 
  • Alternators in car: charge the battery while vehicle is on
Term

 

  1. Basic design of fuel cell, its main advantage
    • a galvanic cell that produces electricity by converting the chemical energy of a fuel directly into electricity without burning the fuel.

 

Definition
    • anode: Negative post that disperses hydrogen and conducts electrons out of the fuel cell
    • cathode: Positive post that distributes oxygen and returns electrons to the cell  where they combine with hydrogen ions and oxygen to form water
    • Both H2 and O2 must constantly flow into the cell to continue the chemical reaction.

Term

 

Electrolysis:  water converted to H2 and O2,  main drawbacks

 

Definition
well water is ground water and safer to drink
Term

 

Hydrogen as a fuel, advantages, key disadvantages 

 

Definition
(expensive to produce, difficult to transport)
Term

 

  1. Photovoltaic cells (solar panels), best used for, why not used for cars

 

Definition
  • Photovoltaic cells are light electrical energy
  • best used for solar energy)
  • solar energy takes sunlight to produce electrical energy (chemical reaction)
  • not good for cars because would require a large solar panel which is probably bigger then vehicle
    • doping ( putting impurities in silcon conductor to facilitate flow of electrons)
    • ( excess energy can be stored in battery to operate at night)
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