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Chem Lab
Final
50
Chemistry
Undergraduate 4
04/29/2014

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Term
Enzyme
Definition
The purpose of an enzyme in a cell is to allow the cell to carry out chemical reactions very quickly. These reactions allow the cell to build things or take things apart as needed. This is how a cell grows and reproduces.
Term
Substrate
Definition
the base on which an organism lives
Term
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
Definition
A non-covalent complex composed of a substrate bound to the active site of the enzyme. The enzyme-substrate complex is formed during a chemical reaction. The substrate may still dissociate from the enzyme. The enzyme may then be recycled and combined with another substrate to form the complex.
Term
End Product
Definition
The result of a completed series of processes or changes.
Term
Turnover Number
Definition
The number of times that one molecule of enzyme can react with a substrate in a period of time.
Term
Inhibitor
Definition
Slow down the normal turnover number of an enzyme.
Term
Catalyst
Definition
Speeds up chemical reactions.
Term
Enzyme Specificity
Definition
One of the properties of enzymes that makes them so important as diagnostic and research tools is the specificity they exhibit relative to the reactions they catalyze. A few enzymes exhibit absolute specificity; that is, they will catalyze only one particular reaction.
Term
Active Site
Definition
A specific region of an enzyme where a substrate binds and catalysis takes place (binding site). The part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs.A structural element of protein that determines whether the protein is functional when undergoing a reaction from an enzyme. this structural element will be accordingly shaped to the structure of the enzyme at work on it.
Term
Turnover number + concentration of the enzyme
Definition
As enzyme concentration increases, the more active sites available so the rate of reaction increases.
Term
Concentration of Substrate + turnover rate
Definition
no effect
Term
Temperature + turnover rate
Definition
Rate increases to optimum and falls rapidly after 40 degrees Celsius.
Term
pH + turnover number
Definition
Low pH: You no longer have the ability to form ionic bonds between the substrate and the enzyme. If those bonds were necessary to attach the substrate and activate it in some way, then at this lower pH, the enzyme won't work. High pH: Again, there is no possibility of forming ionic bonds, and so the enzyme probably won't work this time either.
Term
Dialysis
Definition
A procedure involving a complex solution is enclosed in a cellophane bag that is manufactured to contain pores of a particular uniform size. By placing the filled bag in a beaker containing a low-solute or solute-free solution, the steep concentration gradient created between these two environments to facilitate the removal of unwanted smaller particles.
Term
Hypertonic
Definition
Hypertonic comes from the Greek "hyper," meaning over, and "tonos," meaning stretching. In a hypertonic solution the total molar concentration of all dissolved solute particles is greater than that of another solution, or greater than the concentration in a cell. If concentrations of dissolved solutes are greater outside the cell, the concentration of water outside is correspondingly lower. As a result, water inside the cell will flow outwards to attain equilibrium, causing the cell to shrink.
Term
Hypotonic
Definition
Hypotonic comes from the Greek "hypo," meaning under, and "tonos," meaning stretching. In a hypotonic solution the total molar concentration of all dissolved solute particles is less than that of another solution or less than that of a cell. If concentrations of dissolved solutes are less outside the cell than inside, the concentration of water outside is correspondingly greater. When a cell is exposed to such hypotonic conditions, there is net water movement into the cell.
Term
Isotonic
Definition
When two environments are isotonic, the total molar concentration of dissolved solutes is the same in both of them. When cells are in isotonic solution, movement of water out of the cell is exactly balanced by movement of water into the cell.
Term
Osmosis
Definition
The movement of water molecules across a membrane.
Term
Centrifugation
Definition
A physical separation method that separates components based on mass. Unlike dialysis, it does not take advantage of the process of diffusion but rather takes advantages of centrifugal force.
Term
Salting-out
Definition
Process selectively used to isolate proteins from a mixed solution. This procedure takes advantage of the fact that proteins will precipitate out of solution in the presence of high salt concentrations.
Term
Carbohydrate
Definition
Polyhydroxyaldehyde other compounds that yield upon acid hydrolysis (reaction with water in the presence of acid. Principal constituents of plants.
Term
Monosaccharides
Definition
Simplest carbohyrdates. Three most common: glucose, galactose, and fructose.
Term
Disaccharides
Definition
Two monosaccharides joined by an ether linkage (c-o-c) formed in nature with the elimination of one water molecule.
Term
Polysaccharides
Definition
Complex carbohydrates made up of many monosaccharide units joined together by ether linkages to form a long polymeric structure. Starch is the most important polysaccharide with repeating glucose units.
Term
Reducing sugar
Definition
open-chain carbohydrate with a free aldehyde group.
Term
Benedict test
Definition
Detect the presence of reducing sugars.Starches and other polysaccharides are not able to reduce the Benedict reagent.
Term
Iodine test
Definition
Used to detect the presence of polysaccharides. Starch will form a dark-blue complex with iodine.
Term
Triglycerides
Definition
Glycerol and three long chain carboxylic acids, commonly called fatty acids.
Term
Fat
Definition
saturated fats used to form triglyceride.
Term
Oils
Definition
Unsaturated fatty acids
Term
Grease spot test
Definition
Simple test to show the presence of triglycerides. An acetone solution of a triglyceride is poured onto a piece of filter paper or notebook paper.
Term
Proteins
Definition
Complex biological substances composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur and phosphorus.
Term
Amino acids
Definition
Dietary protein provides the nitrogeneous material needed to build protoplasm, enzymes, and those hormones that are proteins.
Term
Dipeptide
Definition
Two amino acids joined together.
Term
Hydrocarbons
Definition
Organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. Principle source is petroleum.
Term
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Definition
Contain either straight chains, branched chains, or certain cylcic arrangements of carbon atoms.
Term
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Definition
Contain at least one aromatic ring, most commonly the benzene ring.
Term
3 classes of Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Definition
Alkanes: saturated hydrocarbons that contain only C-C bonds
Alkenese: unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one C-C double bond
Alkynes: unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one C-C triple bond
Term
Isomer
Definition
compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas of the other.
Term
Combustion
Definition
Oxidation reaction, yielding carbon dioxide, water and considerable heat energy.
Term
Substitution reaction
Definition
Atom or group of atoms replaces a hydrogen atom in the hydrocarbon molecule.
Term
Halogenation reactions
Definition
The halogens, principally chlorine and bromine can readily substitute for hydrogen.
Term
Hydrocarbons
Definition
Organic compounds that contain ONLY carbons and hydrogen principally found in petroleum.
Term
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Definition
Contain straight chains or branched chains
Term
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Definition
Contain at least one aromatic ring, most commonly Benzene ring.
Term
Substitution reaction
Definition
An atom or group of atoms replace a hydrogen atom in the hydrocarbon molecule.
Term
Halogen reactions
Definition
Chlorine and Bromine can readily substitute for hydrocarbon in what is called halogen reactions.
Term
Addition reaction
Definition
An atom or group of atoms ADD to the double bond, which saturates the bond.
Term
Hydrogenation
Definition
The addition of hydrogen to an alkyne
Term
Baeyer Permanganate test
Definition
Alkene is oxidized by dilute potassium permanganate (KMnO4).
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