Shared Flashcard Set

Details

CHEM 181 Midterm 2- lecture 2
Minerals
35
Chemistry
Undergraduate 1
02/27/2012

Additional Chemistry Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What percent salt is ocean water?
Definition
3.5% (Galapagos:3.8%, Dead Sea:32%)
Term
Which ions are components of sea salt?
Definition
Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, (HCO3)-, Cl-, (SO4)2-
Term
What is the Chyrsilladome?
Definition
An "energy flow" hoax by Fred Bell ("minerals are vital in life"), also invented the "pyradyne hydrogen quantum sound generator"
Term
Sodium reaction with water
Definition
Na+2H2O-->NaOH+H2 +FLAME!!
Term
Salt Flats mentioned in lecture?
Definition
Bolivia: salt flats (tourist attraction), Chile: large mineral deposits, Christopher Pratt (artist: "salt shed interior")
Term
What percentage sodium is table salt?
Definition
40%
Term
What is the recommended daily intake of sodium? 
Definition
~3g
Term
Increased salt intake causes?
Definition

hypertension (high blood pressure)

--> increased salt in body= decreased water= harder to circulate blood throughout system

Term
Normal Blood Pressure levels vs High Blood Pressure levels
Definition

Normal=120/80

High=150/100

Term
Salt Alternatives
Definition

Mrs. Dash: variety of flavours, decrease salt amount because of other spices used in combination

No Salt: KCl, different flavour, decreased contribution to blood pressue levels

Term
Which is larger, Na+ or K+?
Definition

K+>Na+

sensitive ratio between the two because of sodium/potassium channels in cell membranes

Term
Micronutrients
Definition

Na, Ca, Fe mostly

Ca, P (macro)

V, Mo, Sn, Fe (micro)

Term
Sources & importance of Molybdenum?
Definition

Sources: nuts, canned vegetables, bread

Importance: essential constituent of enzymes (xanthine) which help break down uric acid which can prevent gout

Recommended Daily Intake: ~2mg/day

Term
Fe
Definition

2-5g exist in body

10-20mg recommended intake/day

low iron levels= anemia

 hemochromatosis

important in hemoglobin: (iron in middle to bond with oxygen)

Term
What is hemochromatosis?
Definition

genetic disorder: body absorbs abnormal amount of iron (can be induced by cooking in iron pots)

-body stoes iron in heart, live, pancreas & joints

-can induce heart disease, liver disease or arthritis

Term
Where can Iron be supplemented?
Definition

meat, broccoli

best absorbed when taken with vitamin C

Geritol: 1 mL=3 mg

Slow release iron supplements

Term
What is Porphyria?
Definition
Genetic disorder: an important part of hemeglobin (heme) is not made properly, results in elevated amounts of porphryn produced, affects nervous system and skin, elevated hair growth
Term
Zinc
Definition

~0.003% of body weight

sequestered in hair

necessary for feeling & smell

20% people have low zinc levels

sources: clams, paenuts, meats

vegetarians have low zinc amounts

Term
Disorders related to Zinc
Definition

Aspergillus niger (black mold, fungus): respiratory problems

Anosmia: no sense of taste

Ranaud's Diease: cirulation issues

Schizofrenia

Prostate Diseases

Term
Iodine
Definition

part of Halogen family

sublimes into gas

purple in elemental form

ionic iodine: can cause goiter, needed by thyroid gland for fat metabolism

150 microg/day

Term
Why are goiter levels higher in Kazakhstan?
Definition

decreased levels of iodine in salt 

need to mine KI to add to salt (5 cents/person/year needed to reduce goiter)

 

2 000 000 000 people worldwide have an iodine deficiency

Term
Selenium
Definition

50+ microg/day

antioxidant working with vitamin E

sources: garlic, onion, seaweed, brazil nuts, tuna

(China produces ~75% of garlic)

Term
Calcium
Definition

99% calcium intake goes to bones + teeth (~1kg)

1% nerve transmission + blood clotting

~1 g/day needed (incresed between 10-20 yo)

 

Term
What are low levels of calcium linked with?
Definition

midlife hypertension

heart disease

post menopausal & senile osteoporosis

Term
What is the rule of 70?
Definition
70/(% change)= time to half or double (depending on whether % change is an increase or decrease)
Term
What are the mechanisms of Calcium loss and gain?
Definition

osteoclasts: carry calcium away from cells

osteoblasts: build up calcium in cells

 

Term
Medications to prevent calcium loss?
Definition

Fosomax: reduces amount of osteoclasts (increase in bone mass by 3%/year) S.E.: GI issues, jawbone death

Zometa/Reclast: same as Fosomax but less frequent dosage & less side effect

(decreases hip fractures by 40%)

Term
1) Calcium as a therapy?
Definition

increased sales

CaCO3 (caltrate): taken with meals (HCl helps break down

OS-Cal: #2 supplement (high dissolution rate)

often taken with vitamin D
BUT! if taken too much, hip fractures can increase because PO4 absorption has decrease--> fine chemical balance

Term
Food sources for phosphorous:
Definition
milk, yogurt, cheese, meat, fish, chicken, turkey, coke
Term
Food sources for calcium:
Definition

dairy, fish, broccoli, turnip greens

 

Term
Testing methods for calcium levels?
Definition

xrays, CT scans, blood drawn

single + double photon-absorptometry (least invasive)

Term
2) Calcitonin?
Definition
peptide which is ingested
Term
3) Estrogen
Definition

attempting to increase estrogen after menopause

helps prevent osteoporosis, and decrease the risk heart disease but can increase risk of breast & uterin cancer

Term
4)Fluoride
Definition

Replacinge OH in hydroxy apatite with fluoride 

=>increased bone strength, increased osteoblast formation

Term
5) Exercise
Definition

increases bon mass

(Boron also does this)

Supporting users have an ad free experience!