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Chem 15
Definitions
57
Chemistry
Not Applicable
04/20/2005

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Term
Accuracy
Definition
the closeness of a measurement to the true value of the quantity that is measured.
Term
Actual Yield
Definition
The amount of product actually obtained in a reaction
Term
Anion
Definition
An ion with a negative charge
Term
Atom
Definition
The smallest piece of an element that can enter into chemical combinations.
Term
Bronsted Acid
Definition
A substance capable of donating a proton (H+)
Term
Bronsted Base
Definition
A substance capable of accepting a proton.
Term
Catalyst
Definition
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being consumed
Term
Chemical Kinetics
Definition
The area of chemistry concerned with the speeds, or rates, at which chemical reactions occur.
Term
Cation
Definition
An ion with a net positive charge
Term
Compound
Definition
A substance composed of atoms of two or more elements chemically united in fixed proportions
Term
Covalent bond
Definition
A bond in which two electrons are shared by two atoms.
Term
Density
Definition
the mass of a substance divided by its volume.
Term
Diffusion
Definition
The gradual mixing of one substance with another due to random molecular motion.
Term
Dilution
Definition
A procedure for preparing a less concentrated solution from a more concentrated solution.
Term
Electrolyte
Definition
A substance that, when dissolved in water, results in a solution that can conduct electricity.
Term
Electronegativity
Definition
The ability of an atom to attract electrons toward itself in a chemical bond.
Term
Element
Definition
A substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means.
Term
Endothermic Processes
Definition
Processes that absorb heat from the surroundings.
Term
Energy
Definition
The capcity to do work or to produce change.
Term
Enzyme
Definition
A biological catalyst
Term
Equilibrium
Definition
A state in which there are no observable changes as time goes by.
Term
Excess reagents
Definition
One ore more reactants present in quantities greater than those needed to react with the quantity of the limiting reagent.
Term
Exothermic processes
Definition
Processes that give off heat to the surroundings.
Term
First Law of Thermodynamics
Definition
Energy can be converted from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed.
Term
Heat
Definition
The transfer of thermal energy (energy associated with trandom motion of atoms and molecules) between two bodies that are at different temperatures.
Term
Hess's Law
Definition
When reactants are converted to products, the change in enthalpy is the same whether the reaction takes place in one step or in a series of steps.
Term
Hydrogen bond
Definition
A special type of dipole-dipole interaction between containing hydrogen bonded to an electronegative element. The most important examples involve nitrogen, oxygen and fluorine. For instance, the attraction on one water molecule and the oxygen atom on a second water molecule would constitute a "hydrogen bond"
Term
Inorganic compounds
Definition
Compounds other than organic compounds
Term
Ion
Definition
A charged species
Term
Ionic bond
Definition
The electrostatic force that holds ions together in an ionic compound
Term
Ionization energy
Definition
The minimum energy required to remove an electron from an isolated atom (or an ion) in its ground state.
Term
Isotopes
Definition
Atoms having the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
Term
Joule
Definition
Unit of energy given by newtons - meters.
Term
Kinetic energy
Definition
Energy available because of the motion of an object.
Term
Le Chatelier's Principle
Definition
If an external stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system will adjust itself in such a way as to partially offset the stress.
Term
Limiting reagent
Definition
The reactant used up first in a reaction.
Term
Macroscopic Properties
Definition
Properties that can be measured directly
Term
Metals
Definition
Elements that are good conductors of heat and electricity and have the tendency to form positive ions in ionic compounds.
Term
Mixture
Definition
A combination of two or more substances in which the substances retain their identity.
Term
Molar mass
Definition
The mass of one mole of atoms, molecules, or other particles.
Term
Molarity
Definition
The number of moles of solute in one liter of solution.
Term
MOle
Definition
A collection of Avogadro's number of objects.
Term
MOlecule
Definition
A neutral aggregate of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
Term
Nonelectrolyte
Definition
A substance that, when dissolved in water, gives a solution that is not electrically conducting.
Term
Octet rule
Definition
An atom other than hydrogen tends to form bonds until it is surrounded by eight valence electrons.
Term
Percent yield
Definition
The ratio of actual yield to theoretical yield, multiplied by 100%.
Term
pH
Definition
The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration.
Term
Photon
Definition
A particle of light.
Term
Physical property
Definition
Any property of a substance that can be observed without transforming the substance into some other substance.
Term
Polar molecule
Definition
Any molecule that possesses a dipole moment.
Term
Potential energy
Definition
Energy available by virtue of an object's position.
Term
Precipitate
Definition
An insoluble solid that separates from the solution.
Term
Precision
Definition
The closeness of agreement of two or more measurements of the same quantity.
Term
Pressure
Definition
Force applied per unit area.
Term
Salt
Definition
An ionic compound made up of a cation and an anion.
Term
Saturated solution
Definition
At a given temperature, the solution taht results when the maximum amount of a substance dissolves in a solvent.
Term
Significant figures
Definition
The number of meaningful digits in a measured or calculated quantity.
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