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CHEM 1150: The Language of Chemistry
Review of lecture notes for first preliminary examination (Lectures 9/28/13 through 10/7/13)
266
Chemistry
Undergraduate 1
10/07/2013

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Term
How many naturally occurring elements are there?
Definition
88
Term
T/F: Everything on the planet is made from the 88 naturally occurring elements.
Definition
True
Term
One can divide the planet into two different entities, which are...
Definition
Earth's Crust (Land, air, and water) and Mammals
Term
When we say "Earth's crust," we mean which three components?
Definition
Land, air, and water
Term
What is the most common element in Earth's crust by relative mass?
Definition
Oxygen (49.2%)
Term
How much of the Earth's crust consists of Oxygen?
Definition
49.2%
Term
What are the top five most common elements in Earth's crust?
Definition
Oxygen (49.2%), Silicon (25.7%), Aluminum (7.5%), Iron (4.71%) and Calcium (3.39%)
Term
How much percent of Earth's crust is Carbon?
Definition
.08%
Term
What is the most common element in mammals?
Definition
Oxygen (65%)
Term
What is the second most common element in mammals?
Definition
Carbon (18%)
Term
What are the top five most common elements in mammals?
Definition
Oxygen (65%), Carbon (18%), Hydrogen (10%), Nitrogen (3%), and Calcium (1.4%)
Term
Why did we become Carbon-based life forms?
Definition
Because carbon bonds with itself
Term
From which two languages are the symbols of some elements derived?
Definition
Latin and Greek
Term
Where is atomic mass located on the periodic table?
Definition
Below the element's symbol
Term
Where is the atomic number located on the periodic table?
Definition
Above the symbol
Term
What are four reasons why gold is valued?
Definition
It's rare, beautiful, shiny, and does not tarnish
Term
What did chemists in the 1800s want to know about elements?
Definition
What made them different
Term
What was John Dalton's occupation?
Definition
British schoolteacher and scientist
Term
What did John Dalton want to figure out?
Definition
What makes elements different
Term
From where is John Dalton?
Definition
Britain (schoolteacher and scientist)
Term
What were the three things people int he 18th century knew about natural materials?
Definition
1) Most natural materials were mixtures of pure substances.
2) Pure substances were either elements or mixtures of elements (compounds)
3) A given compound always contained the same mass % of the elements
Term
What was the first thing people in the 18th century knew about natural materials?
Definition
Most natural materials were mixtures of pure substances
Term
What was the second thing people of the 18th century knew about natural materials?
Definition
Pure substances were either elements or mixtures of elements (compounds)
Term
What was the third thing people of the 18th century knew about natural materials?
Definition
A given compound always contained the same mass % of the elements
Term
What is the Law of Constant Proportions?
Definition
A given compound always contains the same mass percentage of the elements
Term
What was the smallest unit people knew of in the 18th century?
Definition
Element
Term
Why did Dalton know that elements differed?
Definition
Because he figured they are made up of something else (atoms)
Term
What did Dalton deduce?
Definition
That elements are made up of atoms
Term
What year did Dalton publish his Atomic Theory?
Definition
1808
Term
Who published the first Atomic Theory, and in what year?
Definition
Dalton 1808
Term
What were Dalton's 5 postulates in the Atomic Theory?
Definition
1) Elements are made up of tiny particles called atoms.
2) All atoms of a given element are identical.
3) Atoms of one element are different than atoms of other elements.
4) Atoms of elements can combine to form compounds.
5) Atoms are indivisible in chemical processes.
Term
What was Dalton's first postulate?
Definition
Elements are made up of tiny particles called atoms
Term
What was Dalton's second postulate?
Definition
All atoms of a given element are identical
Term
What was Dalton's third postulate?
Definition
Atoms of one element are different than atoms of other elements.
Term
What was Dalton's fourth postulate?
Definition
Atoms of different elements can combine to form compounds.
Term
What was Dalton's fifth postulate?
Definition
Atoms are indivisible in chemical processes.
Term
About which postulates was Dalton mistaken?
Definition
#2 (because of isotopes) and #5 (because atoms can be split)
Term
Why was Dalton wrong about the second postulate?
Definition
Because of isotopes
Term
Why was Dalton wrong about his fifth postulate?
Definition
Because atoms can be split
Term
After Dalton reasoned that elements are different because atoms are different, what did people start to wonder?
Definition
What makes atoms different?
Term
Dalton took us from thinking on the element level to what level?
Definition
To the atomic level
Term
T/F: Dalton knew why atoms differed.
Definition
False; he knew that elements differed because their atoms differed, but he did not know why atoms differed.
Term
T/F: Dalton knew why elements differed.
Definition
True; Dalton knew that elements differed because of their atoms.
Term
Which instrument did J J Thomson use in his famous experiments?
Definition
Cathode Ray Tube
Term
What happened in JJ Thomson's first experiment?
Definition
Thomson used a beam that had an electrical charge, put slits on an electrometer, and shut heat into it. He then used the magnet to have the beam hit the slits.
Term
In Thomson's first experiment, what creates the electrical beam?
Definition
The charge hitting the electrometer creates the electrical beam.
Term
T/F: In Thomson's first experiment, the beam and the charge are separate components?
Definition
False; the beam and the charge are the same thing.
Term
What was the goal of Thomson's second experiment?
Definition
To determine whether the electrical charge was positive or negative.
Term
What did Thomson do in his second experiment?
Definition
He fired electrons through the CRT, which was attached to a battery.
Term
What did Thomson find as a result of his second experiment?
Definition
The beam has a negative charge.
Term
What did Thomson find as a result of his first experiment?
Definition
The beam and the charge are the same thing.
Term
What was the central question Thomson asked in his third experiment?
Definition
How strong does the magnet have to be to deflect the beam?
Term
Describe Thomson's third experiment?
Definition
Thomson used a complicated CRT and used a magnet to deflect the beam. He used magnets of different strengths to see whether they deflected the beam.
Term
What did Thomson find as a result of the third experiment?
Definition
He finds that it's easy to move the team, meaning two things: 1)Particles are very light, or 2) Particles have a lot of charge.
Term
Thomson found in his third experiment that it was easy to move the beam, meaning what two possibilities?
Definition
1) Particles are very light, or
2) Particles have a lot of charge.
Term
What did Thomson call the particles he discovered?
Definition
Corpuscles
Term
What charge did Thomson know the corpuscles he discovered to be?
Definition
Negative.
Term
Since Thomson knew the corpuscles were negatively charged, he assumed what?
Definition
That there are also positively charged particles.
Term
Thomson's experiments showed that the model of the atom was more than just a ball; that is, it is a ball with what?
Definition
Positively and negatively charged particles.
Term
What was Thomson's model of the atom called?
Definition
Plum pudding model
Term
In what year was the electron discovered?
Definition
1897
Term
Who named the electron?
Definition
George Johnstone Stoney
Term
What was the nationality of the man who named the electron?
Definition
Irish (George Johnstone Stoney)
Term
What were Robert Millikan's famous experiments called?
Definition
The oil drop experiments
Term
What did the oil drop experiments involve?
Definition
X-Rays putting charge onto oil droplets, a positively-charged plate with droplets that went through a hole, and varying the voltage of the plate, causing the drops to fly upwards against the pull of gravity.
Term
What did Millikan use to put charge onto the oil droplets in his experiment?
Definition
X-Rays
Term
What charge did the plate Millikan used in his oil drop experiments have?
Definition
Positive charge
Term
What did Millikan do to the plate in the oil drop experiment, and what happened as a result?
Definition
He varies the voltage of the plate, causing the drops to reverse gravity.
Term
What is the charge of a single electron?
Definition
1.6*10-19 coulombs
Term
In Millikan's experiment, if the oil droplets did not have voltage, what determined the rate at which they fell?
Definition
Mass of droplets and viscosity of the air (how thick the air is/wind resistance)
Term
When Millikan turned the voltage on, what happened to the oil droplets?
Definition
Some fell straight down, but others stopped in mid air or started going in reverse.
Term
What happened to the oil drops that were suspended in mid air?
Definition
They were suspended at different heights in the container at regular intervals.
Term
What did Millikan conclude after he saw that the oil drops were suspended at regular intervals?
Definition
He said they had different numbers of electrons
Term
How did Millikan determine the charge of the electron?
Definition
By changing the voltage, he determined the difference in voltage between each "line" of particles to be 1.6 *10^-19 coulombs
Term
What were Millikan's main conclusions about the electron?
Definition
The charge was very small and negative and that they are very light (since they can be reflected)
Term
How did Millikan know that electrons were very light?
Definition
Because they could be reflected
Term
Why did Millikan guess that there are positive particles in atoms?
Definition
He knew about the existence of the electron and its negative charge but knew that atoms overall have no net charge, so there must be positive particles.
Term
Which scientist worked with alpha particles?
Definition
Rutherford
Term
HOw many times heavier than electrons are alpha particles?
Definition
7500 times heavier
Term
Alpha particles can be equated to what element's nucleus?
Definition
Helium nucleus
Term
What is another name for Rutherford's gold foil experiment?
Definition
The Geiger Marsden experiment
Term
What is another name for the Geiger Marsden experiment?
Definition
Rutherford's gold foil experiment
Term
Which element's nucleus did Rutherford work with?
Definition
Polonium nucleus
Term
How did Rutherford augment the gold foil he used in his experiment?
Definition
He pounded it into super thin layers
Term
What did Rutherford do to the gold foil that he pounded into super thin layers?
Definition
He shot alpha particles at it
Term
What happened to the alpha particles that Rutherford shot at the gold foil?
Definition
Most went straight through the gold foil, but some were reflected in random directions.
Term
What did Rutherford conclude about the gold foil after he realized that some of the alpha particles were being reflected?
Definition
The gold foil is NOT homogenous
Term
What did Rutherford conclude about the plum pudding model?
Definition
It is not correct.
Term
Who disproved the plum pudding model of the atom?
Definition
Ernest Rutherford
Term
What did Rutherford shoot the alpha particles through before they hit the gold foil?
Definition
A lead box
Term
Instead of supporting the plum pudding model, how did Rutherford describe the atom?
Definition
A very dense, positively-charged core surrounded by a large expanse of space with nothing but some electrons.
Term
What did Rutherford call the positive parts of the nucleus?
Definition
Protons
Term
When were protons named by Rutherford?
Definition
1919
Term
Why did Rutherford know the proton is more massive than the electron?
Definition
Because the proton hit the heavy alpha particles
Term
Who discovered the neutron?
Definition
James Chadwick
Term
Why was the neutron the hardest subatomic particle to discover?
Definition
It has no charge
Term
What kind of experiment did Chadwick set up to discover the neutron?
Definition
An indirect/secondary collision experiment
Term
What did Chadwick use in his secondary collision experiment?
Definition
Polonium as a source and alpha particles
Term
Why did Chadwick use a positive plate in his experiment?
Definition
To deflect protons
Term
What kind of foil did Chadwick use in his experiment?
Definition
Beryllium foil
Term
Describe Chadwick's indirect/secondary collision experiment.
Definition
Chadwick used polonium as a source, fired it at Be foil, particles came loose, protons escaped, the particles hit paraffin wax containing nitrogen gas, and then there was a nucleus detector at the end.
Term
What happened to the nitrogen nucleus in Chadwick's experiment?
Definition
It got ejected, showing that there is an uncharged neutron particle
Term
In what year was the neutron discovered, and by whom?
Definition
Chadwick in 1932
Term
What happened to the neutrons in Chadwick's experiment after they passed through the Be foil?
Definition
They collided with nitrogen gas and ejected parts of the nucleus from nitrogen
Term
How did Chadwick know something without a charge was knocking the protons out?
Definition
Because they used the Be foil to eject any particles with positive charge before they hit the paraffin wax with nitrogen gas
Term
Besides the Be foil that knocked the protons out, how else did Chadwick know that the particles he discovered had no charge?
Definition
Because the magnetic fields did not push away the neutrons
Term
Who discovered isotopes and when?
Definition
Frederick Soddy in 1913
Term
How did Soddy describe isotopes?
Definition
"Same outside, different inside"
Term
What type of compounds did Soddy work with?
Definition
Radioactive compounds (Uranium)
Term
With what element did Frederick Soddy work?
Definition
Uranium
Term
What did Soddy find about the behavior of uranium?
Definition
Uranium underwent the same chemical reactions but some acted differently radioactively.
Term
What was the order of the discovery of the subatomic particles?
Definition
Electrons, protons, then neutrons
Term
How did Thomson inspire Chadwick to do his secondary collision test and eventually discover the neutron?
Definition
Thomson was ionizing Ne and shooting them through space and deflecting them with a magnetic field. He looked at the trajectory of the moving ions and saw two particles shooting off, but didn't realize that this meant that they had different masses due to different numbers of neutrons.
Term
What kind of emission spectrum did Niels Bohr study?
Definition
Hydrogen emission spectrum
Term
What did Niels Bohr say about the core of he atom?
Definition
He said there is a nuclear core in the atom.
Term
Describe Bohr's model of the atom.
Definition
There is a nuclear core in the atom and electrons circulate around orbits surrounding the nuclear core
Term
How did Bohr describe electron orbitals?
Definition
He called them quantized
Term
What did Bohr mean when he said electron orbitals are quantized?
Definition
They're at discreet intervals
Term
After what is Bohr's model of the atom modeled?
Definition
The solar system
Term
What about Bohr's model of the atom was correct?
Definition
The existence of quantized orbitals
Term
In how many dimensions did Bohr describe the atom?
Definition
2-dimensions (he was wrong)
Term
What's another name for Bohr's model of the atom?
Definition
Planetary model
Term
Bohr said that electrons are localized to what?
Definition
Orbits
Term
What was Louis de Broglie's hypothesis?
Definition
Any moving particle or object has an associated wave
Term
Who discovered that atoms are three dimensional?
Definition
Erwin Schroedinger
Term
What is the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle?
Definition
You cannot know both the location and momentum of an electron at any given time
Term
What's the modern view of the atom?
Definition
A dense nuclear core surrounded by 3-D shapes with electrons
Term
T/F: Even our best microscopes nowadays cannot see atoms.
Definition
True
Term
Who figured out how to see very small things?
Definition
Gerd Binning and Heinrich Rohrer
Term
What did Binning and Rohrer use to see very small things?
Definition
Scanning tunneling microscope
Term
What does STM Schematic stand for?
Definition
Scanning tunneling microscope
Term
What are the components of an STM schematic?
Definition
A crystal attached to a fine metal tip that is held above an atomic surface
Term
How does an STM schematic work?
Definition
It applies stimulus to the crystal that movies it up and down, causing the material to move left and right in waves. The electrons jump from the surface of the atom to the metal tip, and the greater the electrical current, the closer one is to the atom
Term
What is piezoelectricity?
Definition
Crystals changing shape in response to stimuli
Term
What did Binning and Rohrer discover about the atom using STM?
Definition
They could tell that orbitals are 3-D and that atoms are circular
Term
How many times larger than the nucleus is the atom?
Definition
100,000
Term
How big is the nucleus?
Definition
10^-13 cm
Term
How big is the atom?
Definition
10^-8 cm
Term
What's the charge and mass of the electron?
Definition
Charge is -1 and mass is 9.11*10^-31 kg
Term
What is the charge and mass of the proton?
Definition
+1 charge and mass is 1.67*10^-27 kg
Term
What is the charge and mass of the neutron?
Definition
Charge is 0 and mass is -1.6929*10-27 kg
Term
What are the two ways to describe an electron?
Definition
In terms of the orbitals they occupy and their quantum numbers
Term
What do quantum numbers describe?
Definition
Where the electron resides?
Term
How many quantum numbers are there?
Definition
4
Term
T/F: A few electrons can have the same 4 quantum numbers.
Definition
False
Term
What is the first quantum number and what's it called?
Definition
n, the Principle quantum number
Term
What numerical values can the first quantum number take?
Definition
n can be an integer greater than 0
Term
What does it mean the lower n is?
Definition
The closer an electron is to the nucleus
Term
What does n represent?
Definition
How many shells there are
Term
What letter denotes the second quantum number and what's it called?
Definition
l, and it's the Azimuthal quantum number
Term
How is l defined and what values can it take?
Definition
It is n-1 and it can be an integer greater than 0
Term
What does the quantum number l describe?
Definition
The subshell
Term
The second quantum number equals the first quantum number less what?
Definition
l = n-1
Term
How do the values of l relate to the s, p, d, and f orbitals?
Definition
0=s, 1=p, 2=d, f=3
Term
What's the third quantum number stand for and what's its letter?
Definition
m sub l and it is the magnetic quantum number
Term
What are the possible values of m sub l?
Definition
m sub l = integers between the negative and absolute value of l
Term
What does a single value of m sub l imply?
Definition
There is only an s orbital
Term
What does l=1 mean?
Definition
p orbitals
Term
What does l=2 mean?
Definition
d orbitals
Term
What does l=3 mean?
Definition
f orbitals
Term
How many electrons can each orbital hold?
Definition
A single pair of electron
Term
What does the fourth quantum number stand for?
Definition
Spin (m sub s)
Term
Who founded the fourth quantum number?
Definition
George Uhlenbeck and Sam Goudsmit
Term
What are the possible values of the fourth quantum number?
Definition
+1/2 or -1/2
Term
Which quantum number does not depend on the other three?
Definition
The fourth quantum number
Term
T/F: Electrons in the same orbital have the same spin.
Definition
False; electrons in the same orbital have different spins
Term
How many electrons can the first shell hold?
Definition
2
Term
How many electrons can the second shell hold?
Definition
8
Term
How many electrons can the third shell hold?
Definition
18
Term
How many electrons can the fourth shell hold?
Definition
32
Term
How many electrons can shells beyond the fourth shell hold?
Definition
32, because there are only four subshells
Term
What are the quantum numbers associated with a 3 d electron?
Definition
n=3
l=2
m sub l= -2, -1. 0, 1, 2
m sub s= +1/2, -1/2
Term
As n gets larger, what happens to the energy?
Definition
It gets larger as well
Term
What does the Aufbau Process delineate?
Definition
The order in which electron orbitals are filled
Term
What is the energy of an electron?
Definition
-2.178*10^-18(1/n^2) Joules
Term
What is hydrogen's spdf notation?
Definition
1s^1
Term
What's the Pauli Exclusion Principle?
Definition
No two electrons can have all four quantum numbers identical (but 3 can be)
Term
Why do Cr and Cu favor different from predicted electron distributions?
Definition
Because it's more stable and results in lower energy (which is preferred)
Term
How many electrons can each of the s, p, d, and f orbitals hold?
Definition
s can hold 2, p 6, d 10, and f 14
Term
What is the Law of Triads?
Definition
There are trios of elements where one element had a mass that appeared to be the average of the other two
Term
Who issued the Law of Triads?
Definition
Dobereiner
Term
Who proposed the Telluric Helix?
Definition
Alexander der-Emile
Term
What is the Telluric Helix?
Definition
The properties of the atom are the properties of the numbers (the masses matter and are related to their properties)
Term
What did Alexander der-Emile notice about elements?
Definition
He noticed that they form a spiral around a helix and that similar elements are vertically aligned
Term
Which two men published articles leading to the formation of the periodic table and in what year?
Definition
1865: Meyer and Mendeleev
Term
Of what did Meyer's chart consist?
Definition
Atomic volume on the y-axis and atomic mass on the x-axis
Term
What did Meyer notice about his chart?
Definition
There was periodicity (ups and downs)
Term
What did Mendeleev do with der-Emile's helix?
Definition
He put it in table form, but left blanks in it
Term
What did the blanks in Mendeleev's table stand for?
Definition
Elements that weren't yet discovered
Term
How did Mendeleev predict the missing elements?
Definition
Due to periodicity
Term
Of which undiscovered elements did Mendeleev predict the mass?
Definition
Scandium, Gallium, Germanium, and Technetium
Term
Besides predicting the existence of missing elements, what else did Mendeleev predict?
Definition
He predicted that some current elements had incorrect masses
Term
What were the two things about which Mendeleev was wrong?
Definition
1) He missed the nobel gases
2) He predicted that there were 6 missing elements between hydrogen and lithium, but in reality there is only one (helium)
Term
Who discovered the nobel gases?
Definition
William Ramsay
Term
What element did Ramsay notice was between Cl and K?
Definition
Ar
Term
What was the order of the discovery of the nobel gases?
Definition
He, then Ar, then Kr, then Ne, then Xe
Term
What were the four missing elements Mendeleev predicted?
Definition
Sc, Ga, Ge, and Tc
Term
For which two elements did Mendeleev correct molar volumes?
Definition
Indium and Uranium
Term
Which metals blow up when put in water?
Definition
The alkali metals
Term
Why do the alkali metals react vigorously with water?
Definition
Because their final electron configuration is always s^1,w which is unstable
Term
As you move away from the nucleus, does it become easier or harder to remove electrons?
Definition
The farther one is from the nucleus, the easier it is to remove electrons
Term
The more electrons an atom has, the easier or harder it is to remove them and ionize the element?
Definition
Easier
Term
What happens when you take an electron from an alkali metal?
Definition
They become like noble gases
Term
To what metals are the noble gases compared?
Definition
The nobel metals (Gold, Copper, and Silver)
Term
Why are the noble gases compared to the noble metals?
Definition
Because these metals don't react much (or tarnish)and noble gases don't react much
Term
What helped Mendeleev create the table?
Definition
Periodic trends
Term
Who discovered Radium and Polonium?
Definition
Marie Curie
Term
What did Pierre Curie demonstrate?
Definition
Piezoelectricity
Term
What kind of tube did Rontgen use to discover X-Rays?
Definition
Lenard Tube
Term
What did Rontgen initially think would stop the glowing coming from things in his room?
Definition
Containing all visible light
Term
What did Rontgen realize was escaping from the Lenard tube and causing the materials in his room to shimmer?
Definition
A ray (that he called X-Rays)
Term
What was Rontgen's original X-Ray?
Definition
His wife's hand, called "Hand mit Ringin"
Term
How does a Lenard tube (used to discover X-Rays) differ from a CRT?
Definition
It has an aluminum seal on one end
Term
What is phosphorescence?
Definition
When a material absorbs energy and ultimately gives off energy in the form of light
Term
Who say Rontgen's X-Rays and was fascinated with phosphorence?
Definition
Becquerel
Term
What did Becqueral do after learning about Rontgen's X-Rays?
Definition
He took rocks with phosphorescence and tried to capture the light from the rocks as a picture on film
Term
What did Becquerel discover?
Definition
Radioactivity (he called it Becquerel radiation)
Term
What is a nuclide?
Definition
the nucleus of elements
Term
What element was in Becquerel's famous rocks?
Definition
Uranium-92
Term
Some isotopes of uranium are unstable, leading to what?
Definition
Radioactive decay
Term
Radioactive decay is accompanied by the release of what two things?
Definition
Particles and/or pure energy
Term
What are the five decay possibilities?
Definition
Alpha particles, beta particles, positrons, gamma rays, and electron-capture
Term
What is an alpha particle?
Definition
A helium nucleus
Term
What kind of charge does an alpha particle have?
Definition
Positive charge
Term
How many neutrons and protons does a helium atom have>
Definition
2 protons and 2 neutrons
Term
When U-238 undergoes alpha decay, what two elements are produced?
Definition
234/90 Th and 4/2 He
Term
The reactants' protons + neutrons must equal what of the products?
Definition
Its protons + neutrons
Term
What blocks alpha particles?
Definition
A sheet of paper
Term
T/F: Alpha particles can be accompanied by other forms of radiation.
Definition
True
Term
Are alpha particles penetrative and dangerous?
Definition
No
Term
What are the super and subscripts of beta particles?
Definition
0/-1
Term
How many protons and neutrons does a beta particle have?
Definition
0 protons and 0 neutrons (it is essentially an electron without any measurable mass but with a negative charge)
Term
What is the difference between electrons and beta particles?
Definition
Electrons are denoted by 0/-1 e and come from electronic shells, while beta particles originate in the nucleus
Term
Where do beta particles originate?
Definition
In the nucleus
Term
Describe the penetrability of beta particles?
Definition
They penetrate paper but are stopped by a cm of lead
Term
How does Thorium undergo nuclear decay to produce beta particles?
Definition
234/90Th-->234/91Pa + 0/-1B
Term
What changes in a beta decay process?
Definition
The nucleus
Term
T/F: Radioactive nuclei sometimes decay into nonradioactive elements and sometimes into radioactive elements.
Definition
True
Term
A positron is essentially what of a beta particle?
Definition
A positive version of a beta particle
Term
How do you denote a positron?
Definition
0/+1Beta
Term
Show how positron emission would work on carbon.
Definition
11/6C --> 11/5 Boron + 0/+1 Beta
Term
T/F: Electron capture has a similar end result to positron emission.
Definition
True
Term
What happens in electron capture?
Definition
Individual electrons are captured by the nucleus. They get sucked in and combined with protons into a neutron.
Term
Why is electron capture similar to positron emission?
Definition
The atomic number goes down.
Term
What happens in electron capture once the electron is sucked into the nucleus?
Definition
Once the electron is sucked into the nucleus, it creates a hole in the orbital and other electrons rush to fill the hole, giving off energy as they move shells
Term
T/F: Positron emission is a process by which X-Rays exist.
Definition
FALSE; electron capture is a process by which X-Rays exist (pure penetrating energy with no mass)
Term
What kind of energy harms organisms?
Definition
Pure penetrating energy (with no mass)
Term
Besides electron capture, what is the other way X-Rays are created?
Definition
Bremsstrahlung
Term
Who discovered Bremsstrahlung?
Definition
Rontgen
Term
How did Roentgen discover Bremsstrahlung?
Definition
He shot electrons at Aluminum
Term
How did Rontgen's shooting of electrons at Al work?
Definition
The electrons slow down when it gets to the Al and as they slow, they transfer kinetic energy in the form of X-Rays
Term
What are the only types of metals with which Bremsstrahlung works?
Definition
Heavy metals
Term
How are gamma rays formed?
Definition
They come from "normal" decay processes that produce alpha or beta particles
Term
Why are gamma rays dangerous?
Definition
They are just pure energy
Term
What's the correlation between wavelength and danger?
Definition
The shorter the wavelength, the more dangerous the radiation
Term
What does it take to block gamma rays?
Definition
10 cm of lead
Term
How are gamma rays formed via the nucleus?
Definition
They are formed by the reorganization of the nucleus and the energy that comes from it
Term
How are gamma rays formed via the nucleus?
Definition
They are formed by the reorganization of the nucleus and the energy that comes from it
Term
How are gamma rays formed via the nucleus?
Definition
They are formed by the reorganization of the nucleus and the energy that comes from it
Term
What is the last stable nuclide?
Definition
203/83 Bi
Term
In most decay processes, which particles are emitted that lead to gamma ray emission?
Definition
Both alpha and beta (high and low energy particles)
Term
What is the Nuclear Shell Theory?
Definition
The nucleus will fill its "shells" with protons and neutrons and they will reach certain numbers that are unstable to the nucleus
Term
The larger/higher energy emittance of alpha and beta particles, the (lower or higher) the energy of the resulting gamma rays?
Definition
Lower
Term
When do magic numbers form?
Definition
When the nucleus's shell gets filled up.
Term
Are magic numbers stable or unstable?
Definition
Stable
Term
What are the magic numbers for neutrons?
Definition
2,8,20,28,50,82,126
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