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Chem 102
Chapter 13
50
Chemistry
Undergraduate 1
04/02/2009

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Term
Organic compunds
Definition
compounds that contain carbon in combination with a limited number of other elements such as H, O, N (10 million organic compounds)
Term
Inorganic compounds
Definition
contains all other elements, but account for fewer then 1 million compounds
Term
Isomers
Definition
compounds that have the same number and kinds of atoms arranged in different structures
Term
perspective structural formula
Definition
structural formulas written in two dimensions that inpart some 3D aspects to the surface of a bilayer
Term
Pi bond
Definition
side by side overlaping of two orbitals ( C-C )
Term
conformation
Definition
orientation of a molecule
Term
functional groups
Definition
atoms or groups of bonded atoms responsible for similar physical and chemical properties in a family of compounds
Term
Alikenes
Definition
compounds containing a carbon- carbon double bond
Term
Alkynes
Definition
compounds containing a carbon- carbon triple bond
Term
alcohol
Definition
a compound containing a hydroxyl group bonded to a saturated carbon atom
-contain a carbon- oxygen single bond
Term
ehters
Definition
compounds with the C-O-C structure,
contains carbon- oxygen single bonds
Term
Hydroxyl group
Definition
The -OH group
Term
Carbonyl group
Definition
group consisting of a carbon atom and a oxygen atom bonded by a double bond, C=O
Term
Carbonyl carbon atom
Definition
the carbon atom of the carbonyl group
Term
Carbonyl oxygen group
Definition
the oxygen atom of teh carbonyl group
Term
aldehyde
Definition
has at least one hydrogen atom bonded to the carbonyl carbon atom
Term
ketones
Definition
the carbonyl carbon atom is bonded to two other carbon atoms
Term
carboxylic acid
Definition
the carbonyl group is bonded to a hydroxyl group and to either a Hydrogen or a carbon atom
Term
ester
Definition
the carbonyl group is bonded to an OR group, where R contains one or more carbon atoms, and to either a hydrogen or a carbon atom
Term
amines
Definition
compounds with carbon- nitrogen single bonds
Term
Imines
Definition
compound with carbon- nitrogen double bonds
Term
nitriles
Definition
compound with carbon- nitrogen triple bonds
Term
amides
Definition
have a carbonyl carbon atom linked by a single bond to a nitrogen atom and to either a hydrogen or a carbon atom
Term
Thiols (mercaptans)
Definition
a compound containing a hydroxyl group bonded to a saturated carbon atom
-contain a carbon- SULFUR single bond
Term
Thioethers (sulfides)
Definition
compounds with the C-S-C structure,
contains carbon- Sulfur single bonds
Term
Skeletal Isonmers
Definition
isomers that differ in their carbon skeleton
Term
functional group isomers
Definition
isomers that have different functional groups
Term
positional isomers
Definition
compounds that have the same functional group in different locations
Term
Reaction mechanism
Definition
is a description of how a reaction occurs
-details the steps in a reaction and shows the order in which bonds are broken in the reactant and formed in the product
Term
concerted reactions
Definition
reactions that occur in a single step, forming and breaking bonds simultaneously
A(reactant) --> B(product)
Term
Multistep mechanism
Definition
A(reactant) --> M(intermediate)
M(intermediate) --> B(product)
Term
Rate-determining step
Definition
the overall rate of a conversion of reactant into intermediate into product can occur no faster then the slowest individual step
Term
homolytic cleavage
Definition
process when a bond breaks so that one electron remains with each of the two fragments
Term
radicals
Definition
the fragments that contain an unpaired electron
Term
heterolytic cleavage
Definition
two electrons remain with one fragment, giving it a negative charge (teh second fragment is electron deficient and has a positive charge)
Term
homogenic (process)
Definition
bond formation from fragments that contain one electron each
Term
heterogenic (process)
Definition
formation of a bond using two electrons from one fragment and no electrons from the second fragment
Term
Carbon radical
Definition
produced by homolysis of a bond to carbon, tends to react in a homogenic process to obtain another electrom
Term
carbanion
Definition
a negative carbon ion with three bonds and an electron pair on a carbon atom
Term
carbocation
Definition
a carbon ion with three bonds and a positive charge on a carbon atom
Term
Electrophiles
Definition
electron lovers; seek negatively charged centers to neutralize the positive charge and obtain an octet of electrons
Term
nucleophiles
Definition
nucleus lovers; seek positively charged centers ro neutralize the negative charge
Term
Lewis acid
Definition
a substance that accepts an electron pair
Term
Lewis Base
Definition
a substance that donates an electron pair
Term
Addition reactions
Definition
occur when two reactants combine to give a single product
Term
Elimination reactions
Definition
occur when a compound is split into two compounds
Term
substitution reactions
Definition
one atom of group of atoms displaces a second atom of group of atoms
A-X+Y-->A-Y+X
Term
hydrolysis reaction
Definition
water splits a large reactant molecule into two smaller product molecules
A-B + H20 --> A-H HO-B
Term
Condensation reaction
Definition
two reactants combine to form one larger product and simultaneously form a second, smaller product.
A-H+H-O-B-->A-B+H2O
Term
Rearrangement reactions
Definition
result from the reorganization of bonds within a single reactant to five an isomeric product
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