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Chapters 7 and 8
questions
65
Psychology
12th Grade
03/18/2013

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
a mental category that groups objects, relations, activities, abstractions, or qualities ahving common properties
Definition
concept
Term
an especially representative example of a concept
Definition
prototype
Term
a unit of meaning that is made up of concepts and expresses a single idea
Definition
proposition
Term
an integrated mental network of knowledge, behliefs, and expectations concerning a particular topic or aspect of the world
Definition
cognitive schema
Term
a mental represenation that mirrors or resembles the thing it represents; these can occur in many and perhaps all sensory modalities
Definition
mental image
Term
mental processes occuring outside of concious awareness but accessible to conciousness when necessary
Definition
subconciious processes
Term
mental processes occuring outside of and not available to concious awareness
Definition
nonconscious processes
Term
learning that occurs when you acquire knowledge about something without being aware of how you did so and without being able to state exactly what it is you have learned
Definition
implicit learning
Term
the drawing of conclusions or inferences from observations, facts, or assumptions
Definition
reasoning
Term
a problem solving strategy guaranteed to prouce a solution even if the user does not know how it works
Definition
algorithm
Term
a form of reasoning in which a conclusion follows necessarily from certain premises; if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true
Definition
deductive reasoning
Term
a form of reasoning in which the premises provide support for a conclusion, but it is still possible for the conclusion to be false
Definition
inductive reasoning
Term
a rule of thum that suggests a course of action or guides problem solving but does not guaratnee an optimal solution
Definition
heuristic
Term
a process in which opposing facts or ideas are weighed and compared, with a view to determining the best solution or to resolving differences
Definition
dialectical reasoning
Term
teh tendency to judge the probability of a type of event by how easy it is to think of examples or instances
Definition
availability heuristic
Term
a tendency to solve problems using procedures that worked before on similar problems
Definition
mental set
Term
the tendency to overestimate one's ability to have predicted an event once the outcome is known; the "I knew it all along" phenomenon
Definition
hindsight bias
Term
the tendency to look for or pay attention only to inoformation that confirms one's own belief
Definition
confirmation bias
Term
a state of tension that occurs when a person simultaneously holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent, or when a person's belief is incongruent with his or her behavior
Definition
cognitive dissonance
Term
in the theory of cognitive dissonance, tension that occurs when you believe you may have made a bad decision
Definition
postdecision dissonance
Term
the tendency of indivuduals to increase their liking for something that they have worked hard or suffered to attain; a common form of dissonance reduction
Definition
justification of effort
Term
an inferred characteristic of an individual, usually defined as the ability to profit from experience, acquire knowledge, think abstractly, act purposefully, or adapt to changes in the environment
Definition
intelligence
Term
a statistical method for analyzing the intercorrelations among various measures or test scores; clusters of measures or scores that highly correlated are assumed to measure teh same underlying trait ability or aptitude
Definition
factor analysis
Term
a general ability assumed by many theorists to undelie specific mental abilities and talents
Definition
g factor
Term
the measurement of mental abilities, traits, processes
Definition
psychometrics
Term
a measure of mental development expressed in terms of the average mental ability at a given age
Definition
mental age
Term
a measure of intelligence now derived from norms provided for standardized intelligence tests
Definition
intelligence quotient
Term
a burden of doubt a person feels about his orher performance, due to negative stereotypes about his or her group's abilities
Definition
stereotype threat
Term
a theory of intelligence that emphasixes inffomration-processing strategies, the ability to transfer skills to new situations, and the practical application of intelligence
Definition
triarchic theory of intelligence
Term
the knowledge of awareness of one's own cognitive processes
Definition
metacognition
Term
strategies for success that are not explicitly taught but that instead must be inferred
Definition
tacit knowledge
Term
the ability to identify your own and other people's emotions accurately, express your emotions clearly, and regulate emotions in yourself and others
Definition
emotional intelligence
Term
a statistical estimate of the proportion of the toal variance in some trait that is attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group
Definition
heritability
Term
the study of congitive processes in nonhuman animals
Definition
cognitive ethology
Term
the inability to distinguish what you origninally experienced from what you heard or were told about an event later
Definition
source amnesia
Term
confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you, or a belief that you remember something when it never actually happened
Definition
confabulation
Term
concsious, intentional recollection of an event or of an item of inofmration
Definition
explicit memory
Term
the ability to retrieve and repoduce from memory previously encountered material
Definition
recall
Term
the ability to identify previously encountered material
Definition
recognition
Term
unconscious retention in memory, as evidenced by the effect of a previous experience or previously encountered information on current thoughts or actions
Definition
implicit memory
Term
a method for measuring implicit memory in which a person reads or listens to information and is later tested to see whether the information affects performance on another type of task
Definition
priming
Term
a method for measuring retention that compares the time required to relearn material with the time used in the initial learning of the material
Definition
relearning method
Term
a model of memory in which knowledge is represented as connections among thousands of interacting processing units, distributed in a vast network and all operating in parallel
Definition
prallel distributed processing
Term
a memory system that accurately but very briefly registers sensory information before the information fades or moves into short term memory
Definition
sensory register
Term
in the three box model of memory, a limited capacity memory system involved in the retention of information for brief periods; it is also used to hold infomration retrieved from long term memory or temporary use
Definition
short term memory
Term
short term memory plus the mental processes that control retrieval of inofmration from long term memory and interpret that information approriately for a given task
Definition
working memory
Term
a meaningful unit of information; it may be composed fo smaler units
Definition
chunk
Term
in the three box model of memory, the memory system involved in the long term storage of information
Definition
long term memory
Term
memories for the performance of actions or skills
Definition
procedural memories
Term
memories of facts, rules, concepts, and events; they include semantic and episodic memories
Definition
declaritive memories
Term
memories of general knowledge, including facts, rules, concepts, and propositions....kim peek
Definition
semantic memories
Term
memories or personally experienced events and the contexts in which they occured
Definition
episodic memories
Term
the tendency for recall of the first and last items on a list to surpass recall of items in the middle of the list
Definition
serial position effect
Term
rote repetition of material in order to maintain its availability in memory
Definition
maintenance rehearsal
Term
association of new information with already stored knowledge and analysis of the new information to make it memorable
Definition
elaborative rehearsal
Term
in the encoding of inofmration, the processing of meaning rather than simply the physical or sensory features of a stimulus
Definition
deep processing
Term
strategies and tricks for improving memory, such as the use of a verse or a formula
Definition
mnemonics
Term
the theory that information in meory eventually disappears if it is not accessed; it applies more to short term than to long term memory
Definition
decay theory
Term
forgetting that occurs when recently learned material interferes with the ability to remember similar material stored previously
Definition
retroactive interference
Term
forgetting that occurs when previous stored material interferes with the ability to remember similar, more recently learned material
Definition
proactive interference
Term
the inability to retrieve information stored in memory because of insuffient cues for recall
Definition
cue-dependent forgetting
Term
the tendency to remember something when the remberer is in the smae physical or mental state as during the orignial learning or experience
Definition
state dependent memory
Term
the loss of memory for important personal information, often painful events. It usually has an orgnaic cause, but in rare cases is psychogenic
Definition
amnesia
Term
in psychoanalytic theory, the involuntary pushing of threatening or upsetting information into the unconcious
Definition
repression
Term
the inability to remember events and experiences that occured during the first two or three years of life
Definition
childhood amnesia
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