Shared Flashcard Set

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Chapters 4-6 Child Psychology
Part 2 Infancy and the Toddler Years
101
Psychology
Not Applicable
02/22/2009

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

 

 

 

directionality

Definition

 

 

 

 

The principle that describes growth as having intrinsic direction

Term

 

 

 

 

cephalocaudal

Definition

 

 

 

 

Directional growth that begins with the head and moves towards the toes

Term

 

 

 

 

Proximodistal

Definition

 

 

 

 

Directionality that begins near the center of the body and proceeds towards the extremities

Term

 

 

 

 

Independance of Systems

Definition

 

 

 

 

The principle that different body systems grow on different schedules

Term

 

 

 

 

Canalization

Definition

 

 

 

 

The tendency for growth,if disturbed or deflected, to return to an expected path

Term

 

 

 

 

Epiphyses

Definition
[image]
Term

 

 

 

 

Skeletal Age

Definition

 

 

 

 

An assessment of physical maturity that depends on examination of the size and appearance of the epiphyses

Term

 

 

 

 

Primary Teeth

Definition

 

 

 

 

The first teeth to appear, usually in the latter half of the 1st year; often called baby teeth.

Term

 

 

 

 

Neurotransmitters

Definition

 

 

 

 

Chemicals that move across synapses, allowing communication between neurons

Term

 

 

 

 

Apoptosis

Definition

 

 

 

The programmed process of cell death undergone by some neurons in response to a relative lack of environmental input

Term

 

 

 

 

Synaptic Pruning

Definition

 

 

 

 

The death over time of many synapses that are not stimulated by input from the environment

Term

 

 

 

 

Glial Cells

Definition

 

 

 

 

Fatty cells responsible for mylenating the neruons in the brain and providing other support functions to neurons

Term

 

 

 

 

Cerebral Cortex

Definition

 

 

 

 

The 2 large, outer hemospheres that make up the layer of the brain; responsible for much of perception, thought, and planning

Term

 

 

 

 

Lateralization

Definition

 

 

 

 

Separation of functions in the two hemisperes of the cerebral cortex

Term

 

 

 

 

Plasticity

Definition

 

 

 

 

The ability of the brain to be changed by experience

Term

 

 

 

 

Experience-expectant plasticity

Definition

 

 

 

 

The brain's ability to creat circuits based on typical human experiences, such as hearing voices or seeing faces.

Term

 

 

 

 

Experience-dependant plasticity

Definition

 

 

 

 

The brain's ability to create circuits based on atypical or idiosyncratic forms of experience, such as extensive training in music or sports

Term

 

 

 

 

Tripod position

Definition
[image]
Term

 

 

 

 

Visual Cliff

Definition
[image]
Term

 

 

 

 

Cruising

Definition

 

 

 

 

Moving around on two feet while holding onto furniture forsupport; a mode of movement used by infants before thy learn to wal independently

Term

 

 

 

 

Haptic Discrimination

Definition

 

 

 

 

Ability to tell objects apart using touch

Term

 

 

 

 

Visual Acuity

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Clarity of vision; the ability to distinguish details

Term

 

 

 

 

Object Segregation

Definition

 

 

 

 

The ability to identify objects in the world; to tell where one object begins and another ends

Term

 

 

 

 

Phoneme

Definition

 

 

 

 

The smalles unit of sound that carries meaning in a language

Term

 

 

 

 

Perceptual Tuning

Definition

 

 

 

 

The process of becoming less sensitive over time to stimuli that are not in the typical environment; also called perceptual narrowing

Term

 

 

 

 

Kwashiorkor

 

Definition

 

 

 

 

A condition that results from extreme starvation; symptoms include swolen bellies and feet, hair loss, and lack of energy

Term

 

 

 

 

Marasmus

Definition

 

 

 

 

A condition that results form extreme stravation, in which the body becomes extremely thin and fragile

Term

 

 

 

 

Food insecurity

Definition

 

 

 

 

Uncertainty about whether enough food will be available when it is needed

Term

 

 

 

 

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

 

Definition

 

 

 

 

The sudden unexplained death of an otherwise healthy infant

Term

 

 

 

 

Colic

Definition

 

 

 

 

A condition in which infants who are otherwise normal show excessive crying; usually for at least 3 days per week, for at least 3 weeks

Term

 

 

 

 

Otitis Media

 

Definition

 

 

 

 

Ear infection

Term

 

 

 

 

Cognitive Schema

Definition

 

 

 

 

In Piaget's theory, a cognitive structure or cognitive representation

Term

 

 

 

 

Equilibrium

Definition

 

 

 

 

In Piaget's theory, the process that maintains balance in cognitive structures via the joint operation of accomodation and assimilation

Term

 

 

 

 

Primary circular reaction

Definition

 

 

 

 

In Piaget's theory, the second substage of snsorimotor development, in which infants extend reflexive behavior to acquire new behavior patterns

Term

 

 

 

 

Secondary circular reaction

Definition

 

 

 

 

In Piaget's theory, the third substage of sensorimotor development, in which infants begin to control events in the world outside their bodies

Term

 

 

 

 

Teriary circular reaction

Definition

 

 

 

 

In Piaget's theory, the fifth substage of sensorimotor develompent, in which infants invent new behaviors by trial and error, in order to achieve their goals

Term

 

 

 

 

Deferred imitation

Definition

 

 

 

 

Imitation that occurs after a delay; of particular interest to Piaget because it apparently depends on the existence of symbolic representation of the behavior being imitated

Term

 

 

 

 

Object permanence

Definition

 

 

 

 

The belief that objects continue to exist in time and space evinif we cannot see, hear, or touch them

Term

 

 

 

 

Violation-of-expectation paradigm

Definition

 

 

 

 

Bahavior pattern in which infants react with surprise to unexpected events

Term

 

 

 

 

Information processing theory

Definition

 

 

 

 

An approach to cognitive development that emphasizes the glow of information through the mind, using the metaphor of information moving through a computer

Term

 

 

 

 

Core knowledge theory

Definition

 

 

 

 

An approach to the study of cognitive development that suggests infants are born with some understanding about essential aresas, such as language, space, objects, and numbers

Term

 

 

 

 

Sociocultural Theory

Definition

 

 

 

 

A perspective on human development that empasizes social and cultural factors in development

Term

 

 

 

 

Joint attention

Definition

 

 

 

 

The phenomenon of two or more people directing their attention to the same object or person; in communication, when two people pay attention to the same topics

Term

 

 

 

 

Normative development

Definition

 

 

 

 

Development that is considered typical or expected within a particular cultural group

Term

 

 

 

 

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

 

Definition

 

 

 

The result of a test intended to measure intellectual skills; common intelligence tests are scored so that a score of 100 is average, scores over 100 indicate above-average intelligence, and scores below 100 indicate below-average intelligence

Term

 

 

 

 

Developmental Quotient (DQ)

Definition

 

 

 

 

A score on a test of infant intelligence, calculated in the same way as an intelligence quotient (IQ) score

Term

 

 

 

 

Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

Definition

 

 

 

 

In Chomsky's theory, the hypothetical innate mental structure that allows language learning to take place in all humans

Term

 

 

 

 

Universal grammar

Definition

 

 

 

 

In Chomsky's theory of language development, the idea that use of language requires knowledge of abstract rules and that these rules are common to all languages

Term

 

 

 

 

Social Interactionist approach to language development

Definition

 

 

 

 

The view that language develops as a social skill for use in communication and social interaction

Term

 

 

 

 

Connectionist view of language development

Definition

 

 

 

The theory that linguistic develppment results form strengthening of existing networks of neural connections in the brain; also known as the neural network view

Term

 

 

 

 

Statistical learning

Definition

 

 

 

In early language development, learning the likelihood of one word or sound being followed by another word or sound, by noting the frequencies with which various combinations of sounds and words actually occur in the language

Term

 

 

 

 

Cooing

Definition

 

 

 

 

Vocal behavior of infants that involves the repetition of vowel sounds, such as /aaaaaaa/,/ooooooo/, and /eeeeeee/

Term

 

 

 

 

Babbling

Definition

 

 

 

 

Vocal behavior of infants that involves the repetition of consonant-vowel combinations, cuch as /babababa/ and /dededede/

Term

 

 

 

 

Noun bias

Definition

 

 

 

In early learning of English, children's tendency to learn many nouns among their earliest words; this is not a universal tendency and does not occur in languages that put more emphasis on verbs, such as Japanese or Mandarin Chinese

Term

 

 

 

 

Referential pattern

Definition

 

 

 

 

In early language development, a pattern of learning that empasizes the names fo objects and contains many nouns

Term

 

 

 

 

Expressive pattern

Definition

 

 

 

 

In early language development, a pattern of learning that emphasizes description of action words that contain many verbs and pronouns

Term

 

 

 

 

Overextension

Definition

 

 

 

 

In language development, the application of a word beyond its customary semantic boundaries; for example, using the label cat for all animals

Term

 

 

 

 

Underextension

Definition

 

 

 

 

In early language development, the overly narrow use of a word; for example, using the label doggie to refer to golden retrievers, but not to poodles or terriers

Term

 

 

 

 

Word spurt

Definition

 

 

 

 

In language learning, the rapid increase in word knowledge that often occurs around 18 months of age

Term

 

 

 

 

Fast Mapping

Definition

 

 

 

 

In young children, the ability to learn new words on the basis of very little input

Term

 

 

 

 

Whole-object assumption

Definition

 

 

 

 

In early language development, the ssumption that words refer to whole objects, not to parts or properties of objects

Term

 

 

 

 

Taxonomic assumption

Definition

 

 

 

 

In early language learning, the assumption that the name of an object applies to the object and to similar things; for example, dog applies to a particular dog and to other dogs, but not to leashes or leashes or dog biscuits

Term

 

 

 

 

Mutual exclusivity assumption

Definition

 

 

 

 

In early word learning, children's assumption that words refer to separate and nonoverlapping categories, or that a given object will have only one name

Term

 

 

 

 

Telegraphic speech

Definition

 

 

 

 

In early language learning, two- and three-word utterances that typically contain content but not function words; for example, "see doggie," "mama sit chair" 

Term

 

 

 

 

Growth error

Definition

 

 

 

 

In language development, a mistake that revels the child's growth in understanding of grammatical rules but not all of the exceptions

Term

 

 

 

 

Child-directed speech

Definition

 

 

 

A style of speaking, commonly used in speaking to infants and very young children, that includes slowed pace, reduced vocabulry, simplified sentence structire, exaggerated variations in pitch, and marked rhythmic characteristics; also sometimes referred to as "motherese"

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Basic trust

Definition

 

 

 

 

In Erikson's theory, the infant's belief that people can be trusted and that the world is a safe place

Term

 

 

 

 

Basic mistrust

Definition

 

 

 

 

In Erikson's theory, the infant's belief that people cannot always be trusted to provide for his or her needs and that the world is not necessarily a safe place

Term

 

 

 

 

Autonomy

Definition

 

 

 

 

In Erikson's theory, the individual's belief that she or he is a competent actor in the world

Term

 

 

 

 

Shame and Doubt

Definition

 

 

 

 

In Erikson's theory, the individual's feelings that she or he is not a competent actor in the world.

Term

 

 

 

 

Social smile

Definition

 

 

 

 

By 3 months of age, the smile that infants direct toward other people

Term

 

 

 

 

Wariness of strangers

Definition

 

 

 

 

A reaction of fear, concern, or distress in the presence of strangers, shown by infanfts 8- to 12-months old

Term

 

 

 

 

Self-conscious emotions

Definition

 

 

 

 

Emotions sucha s pride, guilt, shame, and embarrasment, that emerge in the 2nd year of life

Term

 

 

 

 

Emotional self-regulation

Definition

 

 

 

 

The ability to modulate the intensity of one's own emotional reactions to people and events

Term

 

 

 

 

Temperament

Definition

 

 

 

 

Stable individual characteristics in attention, activity, and strength of emotional reactions

Term

 

 

 

 

Easy temperament

Definition

 

 

 

 

According to Thomas and Chess, easy infants are generally happy, establish routines easily, and adapt quickly to change

Term

 

 

 

 

Difficult temperament

Definition

 

 

 

 

According to Thomas and Chess, difficult infants show intense negative reactions, have difficulty adjusting to family routines, and resist change

Term

 

 

 

 

Slow to warm up temperament

Definition

 

 

 

 

According to Thomas and Chess, these infants are relatively inavtive, negative in mood, and adjust slowly to change

Term

 

 

 

 

Behavioral inhibition

Definition

 

 

 

 

A temperamental characteristic that invilves negative reactivity to novel stimuli of all kinds

Term

 

 

 

 

Goodness of fit

Definition

 

 

 

 

In the Thomas and Chess theory of temperament, the match between the temperaments of infants and their caregivers that leads to the best outcome

Term

 

 

 

 

Attachment

Definition

 

 

 

 

A deep, enduring, and specific emotional bond formed between infants and their parents or other important caregivers during the 1st year of life

Term

 

 

 

 

Preattachment phase

Definition

 

 

 

 

In Bowlby's theory, the earlies phase of infant attachment; usually lasts from birth to 2 months of age

Term

 

 

 

 

Attachment behavior

Definition

 

 

 

 

In Bowlby's theory, infant behavior that has the predicatble outcome of increasing proximity between the infant and the caregiver or attachment figure

Term

 

 

 

 

Attachment in the making

Definition

 

 

 

 

In Bowlby's theory, the second phase of infant attachment in which infants begin to recognize caregivers and levels of responsiveness; usually lasts form 2 to 7 months of age

Term

 

 

 

 

Clearcut attachment

Definition

 

 

 

 

In Bolby's theory, the third phase of infant attachment in which an infant-parent bond hads clearly been formed; usually lasts form 7 to 24 months of age

Term

 

 

 

 

Separation protest

Definition

 

 

 

 

The infant's or toddler's tendency to show anger and distress at being spearated from mother or another attachment figure

Term

 

 

 

 

Internal working models

Definition

 

 

 

 

Cognitive representations of attachment figures that specify the extent to which such figures can be counted on in various situations

Term

 

 

 

 

Strange Situation

Definition

 

 

 

 

A laboratory procedure designed by Mary Ainsworth to assess security of attachment amont 12- to 18-month-olds; sometimes called the Ainsworth Strange Situation

Term

 

 

 

 

Secure attachment

Definition

 

 

 

A type of attachment relationship characterized by the infants' sense of security that the attachment figure (usually the parent) will protect and provide for them, and serve as a secure base for exploration and a safe haven under stressful circumstances

Term

 

 

 

 

Avoidant attachment

Definition

 

 

 

A type of attachment relationship characterized by the belief that the attachment figure (usually the parent) will not protect or provide for the infant or child, and that the attachment figure does not generally serve as a haven of safety under stressful circumstances

Term

 

 

 

 

Ambivalent attachment

Definition

 

 

 

A type of attachment relationship characterized by uncertainty that the attachment figure (usually the parent) will protect or provide for the infant or child, and about whether the attachment figure can be trusted to serve as a haven of safety under stressful circumstances

Term

 

 

 

 

Disorganized attachment

Definition

 

 

 

A rare type of attachment relationship characterized by a disordered pattern of behavior that is not clearly organized around an attachmentfigure, that may include odd or bizarre actions, and occurs primarily in cases that involve child abuse, neglect, or other trauma

Term

 

 

 

 

Attachment Q-Sort

Definition

 

 

 

A tachnique for assessing security of attachment in which an observer is asked to sort cards that describe the infant's or child's attachment behavior, and in which scores fo security of attachment are assigned depending on the way cards are sorted

Term

 

 

 

 

Self-concept

 

Definition

 

 

 

 

The attributes tha people believe characterize themselves

Term

 

 

 

 

I-Self

Definition

 

 

 

 

The sense of self as an actor or agent of action

Term

 

 

 

 

Me-Self

Definition

 

 

 

 

The sense of self as an object of knowledge

Term

 

 

 

 

Child maltreatment

Definition

 

 

 

 

Physical, emothional, and sexual abuse, as well as neglect, of children

Term

 

 

 

 

Neglect

Definition

 

 

 

 

Child maltreatment involving a caregiver's gailure to provide adequate food, clothing, shelter, supervision, or medical care; the most common form of child maltreatment in the United States today

Term

 

 

 

 

Physical Abuse

Definition

 

 

 

 

Child maltreatment involving hitting, kicking, slapping, shaking, shooting, or other physical violence intended to cause harm; includes sexual abuse

Term

 

 

 

 

Sexual abuse

Definition

 

 

 

 

Inappropriate exposure to sexual acts or materials, sexual contact, or forced sexual behavior of any kind

Term

 

 

 

 

Emotional Abuse

Definition

 

 

 

 

A caregiver's demeaning, coercive or overly distant behavior that interferes with a child's normal development

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