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Chapters 3 & 4
N/A
24
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
02/07/2012

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Term
Learning
Definition
A lasting change in behavior
or mental processes that results from
experience.
Term
Operant conditioning
Definition
A form of behavioral
learning in which the probability of a response
is changed by its consequences—
that is, by the stimuli that follow the
response.
Term
Classical conditioning
Definition
A form of behavioral
learning in which a previously neutral stimulus
acquires the power to elicit the same
innate reflex produced by another stimulus.
Term
Reflex
Definition
Simple unlearned response triggered
by stimuli—such as the knee-jerk reflex
set off by tapping the tendon just below
your kneecap.
Term
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Definition
In classical
conditioning, UCS is the stimulus that
elicits an unconditioned response.
Term
Unconditioned response (UCR)
Definition
In classical
conditioning, the response elicited by an
unconditioned stimulus without prior
learning.
Term
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Definition
In classical conditioning,
a previously neutral stimulus that
comes to elicit the conditioned response.
Customarily, in a conditioning experiment,
the neutral stimulus is called a conditioned
stimulus when it is first paired
with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
Term
Conditioned response (CR)
Definition
In classical conditioning,
a response elicited by a previously
neutral stimulus that has become associated
with the unconditioned stimulus.
Term
Extinction (in operant conditioning)
Definition
A process
by which a response that has been
learned is weakened by the absence or
removal of reinforcement.
Term
Extinction (in classical conditioning)
Definition
The
weakening of a conditioned response
in the absence of an unconditioned
stimulus.
Term
Spontaneous recovery
Definition
The reappearance
of an extinguished conditioned response
after a time delay.
Term
Negative reinforcement
Definition
The removal of an
unpleasant or aversive stimulus, contingent
on a particular behavior. Contrast
with punishment.
Term
Positive reinforcement
Definition
A stimulus presented
after a response and increasing the probability
of that response happening again.
Term
Positive punishment
Definition
The application of an
aversive stimulus after a response.
Term
Negative punishment
Definition
The removal of an
attractive stimulus after a response.
Term
Primary reinforcer
Definition
A reinforcer, such as food
or sex, that has an innate basis because
of its biological value to an organism.
Term
Cognitive perspective
Definition
Another of the main
psychological viewpoints distinguished
by an emphasis on mental processes,
such as learning, memory, perception,
and thinking, as forms of information
processing.
Term
Observational learning
Definition
A form of cognitive
learning in which new responses are
acquired after watching others’ behavior
and the consequences of their behavior.
Term
Flashbulb memory
Definition
A clear and vivid longterm
memory of an especially meaningful
and emotional event.
Term
TOT phenomenon
Definition
The inability to recall a
word, while knowing that it is in memory.
People often describe this frustrating
experience as having the word “on the
tip of the tongue.”
Term
Proactive interference
Definition
A cause of forgetting
by which previously stored information
prevents learning and remembering new
information.
Term
Retroactive interference
Definition
A cause of forgetting
by which newly learned information
prevents retrieval of previously stored
material.
Term
Repression
Definition
An unconscious process that
excludes unacceptable thoughts and feelings
from awareness and memory.
Term
Mnemonic strategy
Definition
Technique for improving
memory, especially by making connections
between new material and information
already stored in long-term memory.
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