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chapters 1, 2, and three
definitions and key terms
97
Chemistry
11th Grade
09/16/2009

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Term
matter
Definition
anything that has mass and occupies space
Term
chemistry
Definition
the study and composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes
Term
organic chemistry
Definition
the study of all chemicals containing carbon
Term
inorganic chemistry
Definition
the study of chemicals that, in general do not contain carbon. found mainly in nonliving things like rocks
Term
biochemistry
Definition
the study of processes that take place in organisms
Term
analytical chemistry
Definition
the area of study that focuses on the composition of matter
Term
physical chemistry
Definition
the area that deals with mechanism, the rate, and the energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change
Term
pure chemistry
Definition
the pursuit of chemical knowledge for its own sake. no immediate practical use for the knowledge
Term
applied chemistry
Definition
research that is directed towards a practical goal or application
Term
technology
Definition
the means by which a society provides its members with those things needed and desired
Term
macroscopic world
Definition
the world of objects that are large enough to see with the unaided eye
Term
microscopic world
Definition
the world of objects that can only be seen under magnification
Term
chemists design materials to fit specific needs.
Definition
when chemists develop new materials, whats their goal?
Term
they play an essential rold in finding way to conserve, produce, and store energy.
Definition
name three ways chemists help meet the demand for energy
Term
chemistry supplies the medicines, materials, and technology that doctors use to treat their patientts
Definition
how does chemistry help doctors treat patients?
Term
chemistry supplies the medicines, materials, and technology that doctors use to treat their patientts
Definition
how does chemistry help doctors treat patients?
Term
chemists help to develop more productive crops and safer more effective ways to protect crops.
Definition
what role do chemists play in agriculture?
Term
chemists help to identify pollutants and prevent pollution.
Definition
how do chemists help protect the enviorment?
Term
to study the universe, chemists gather data from afar and analyze matter that is brought back to earth.
Definition
desribe two ways that chemists study the universe.
Term
biotechnology
Definition
applies science to the production of biological research
Term
pollutant
Definition
a material found in air, water, or soil that is harmful to humans or other organisms
Term
alchemists developed the tools and techniques for working with chemicals
Definition
what did alchemists contribute to the development of chemistry?
Term
lavoiser helped to transform chemistry from a science of observation to the science of measurement that it is today.
Definition
how did lavoisier revolutionize the science of chemistry?
Term
steps in the scientific method include making observations, testing hypotheses, and developing theories
Definition
name three steps in the scientific method.
Term
steps in the scientific method include making observations, testing hypotheses, and developing theories
Definition
name three steps in the scientific method.
Term
when scientists collaborate and communicate, they increase the likelihood of a successful outcome.
Definition
explain why collaboration and communication are important in science.
Term
observation
Definition
when you use your senses to obtain information you make this
Term
hypothesis
Definition
a proposed explanation for an observation
Term
experiment
Definition
a procedure that is used to test a hypothesis
Term
manipulated or independent variable
Definition
the variable that you change during an experiment
Term
responding variable
Definition
the variable that is observed during the experiment
Term
theory
Definition
a well tested explanation for a broad set of observations
Term
scientific law
Definition
a consice statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments
Term
effective problem solving always involved developing a plan and then implementing that plan
Definition
what are the two general steps in problem solving?
Term
the steps for solving a numeric word problem are analyze, calculate, and evaluate.
Definition
list the three steps for solving numeric problems
Term
the steps for solving a conceptual problem are analyze and solve.
Definition
list the two steps for solving conceptual problems
Term
the steps for solving a conceptual problem are analyze and solve.
Definition
list the two steps for solving conceptual problems
Term
properties used to describe matter can be classified as extensive or intensive.
Definition
name two categories used to classify properties of matter
Term
every sample of a given substance that has identical intensive properties because every sample has the same composition
Definition
explain why all samples of a given substance have the same intensive properties.
Term
every sample of a given substance that has identical intensive properties because every sample has the same composition
Definition
explain why all samples of a given substance have the same intensive properties.
Term
three states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas
Definition
name three states of matter.
Term
physical changes can be classified as reversible or irreversible.
Definition
describe the two categories used to classify physical changes
Term
mass
Definition
a measure of the amount of matter the object contains
Term
volume
Definition
the measure of the space occupied by the object
Term
extensive property
Definition
a property that depends on the type of matter in a sample, not the amount of matter.
Term
substance
Definition
matter that has a uniform and a definite composition
Term
physical property
Definition
a quality or condition of a substance that can be observed or measure withouth changing the substances composition
Term
physical property
Definition
a quality or condition of a substance that can be observed or measure withouth changing the substances composition
Term
physical change
Definition
some properties of a material change, but the composition of the material does not change.
Term
physical change
Definition
some properties of a material change, but the composition of the material does not change.
Term
based on the the distribution of their components , mixtures can classified as heterogeneous or as homogeneous.
Definition
how are mixtures classified?
Term
differences in physical properties can be used to seperate mixtures.
Definition
what type of properties can be used to seperate mixtures?
Term
heterogeneous mixture
Definition
a mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout
Term
homogeneous mixture
Definition
a mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout
Term
compounds can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means, but elements cannot.
Definition
how is a compound different from and element?
Term
compounds can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means, but elements cannot.
Definition
how is a compound different from and element?
Term
if the compostion of a material is fixed, the material is a substance. if the compostion of a material may vary, the material is a mixture.
Definition
how can you distinguish a substance from a mixture?
Term
chemists ude chemical symbols to represent elements, and chemical formulas to represent compounds.
Definition
what are chemical symbols and chemical formulas used for?
Term
chemical symbol
Definition
each element is represented by this, one or two letters, the first letter is capital, the second is lowercase.
Term
chemical property
Definition
the ability of a substance to undergo a specific change
Term
during a chemical change the compostion of matter always changes.
Definition
how does a chemical change affect the composition of matter?
Term
possible clues to chemical change include a transfer of energy, a change in color, the production of gas, or the formation of a precipitate.
Definition
name four possible clues that a chemical change has taken place.
Term
during any chemical reaction, the mass of the products is always equal to the mass of the reactants.
Definition
in a chemical reaction, how does the mass of the reactants compare with the mass of the products?
Term
during any chemical reaction, the mass of the products is always equal to the mass of the reactants.
Definition
in a chemical reaction, how does the mass of the reactants compare with the mass of the products?
Term
chemical reaction
Definition
one or more substances change into one or more new substances
Term
reactant
Definition
a substance present at the start of the reaction
Term
product
Definition
a substance produced in the reaction
Term
precipitate
Definition
a solid that forms and settles out of a liquid mixture
Term
law of conservation of mass
Definition
states that in any physical change or chemical reaction mass is conserved
Term
measurements are fundamental to the experimental sciences.for that reason, it is important to be able to make measurements and to decide whether a measurement is correct.
Definition
how do measurements relate to experimental science?
Term
to evaluate the accuracy of a measurement, the measured value must be compared to the correct value. to evaluate the precision of a measurement, you must compare the values of two or more repated meausrements.
Definition
how are accuracy and precision evaluated?
Term
measurements must always be reported to the correct number of sig figs because calculated answers often depend on the number of sig figs in the values used in the calculations.
Definition
why must a given measurement always be reported to the correct number if sig figs?
Term
in general, a calculated answer cannot be more precise than the least precise meausrement from which it was calculated.
Definition
how does the precision of a calculated answer compare to the precision of the measurements used to obtain it?
Term
in general, a calculated answer cannot be more precise than the least precise meausrement from which it was calculated.
Definition
how does the precision of a calculated answer compare to the precision of the measurements used to obtain it?
Term
precision
Definition
a measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another
Term
precision
Definition
a measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another
Term
accepted values
Definition
the correct value based on reliable references
Term
experimental value
Definition
the value measured in the lab
Term
percent error
Definition
the absolute value of the error divided by the accepted value, multiplied by 100%
Term
significant figures
Definition
include all of the digits that are known, plus a last digit that is estimated, in a measurement
Term
the five SI units commonly used by chemists are the meter, the kilogram, the kelvin, the second, and the mole.
Definition
which five SI base units are commonly used in chemistry?
Term
meter, liter, cubic centimeter, gram, degrees celcius, kelvin, joule, calorie.
Definition
which metric units are commonly used to measure length, volume, mass, temperature, and energy?
Term
international system of units
Definition
a revised version of the metric system
Term
meter
Definition
in SI, the basic unit of length, or linear measure
Term
liter
Definition
the volume of a cube that is 10cm along each edge
Term
kilogram
Definition
the mass of an object is measure in comparison to a standard mass of one of these, which is the basic SI unit of mass
Term
kilogram
Definition
the mass of an object is measure in comparison to a standard mass of one of these, which is the basic SI unit of mass
Term
gram
Definition
1/1000 of a kilogram
Term
weight
Definition
the force that measure the pull on a given mass by gravity
Term
temperature
Definition
a measure of how hot or cold an object is
Term
temperature
Definition
a measure of how hot or cold an object is
Term
celsius scale
Definition
sets the freezing point of water at 0c and the boiling point of water at 100c
Term
kelvin scale
Definition
the freezing point of water is 273.5 kelvins and the boiling point is 373.15 kelvins
Term
absolute zero
Definition
the zero point on the kelvin scale
Term
energy
Definition
the capacity to do work or to produce heat
Term
joule
Definition
the SI unit of energy
Term
calorie
Definition
the quantity of heat that raises the temperature of 1g of pure water by 1c
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