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Chapter7
Psych. 105
40
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
12/13/2010

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Term
Learing
Definition
- a relative permanent change in an organism's behaviour due to experience.
Term
Associative Learing
Definition
- learning that certain events occur together.  The events maybe two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).
Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition
- a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.
Term
Behaviorism
Definition
- the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behaviour without reference to mental processes. Must research psychologists today agree with 1 AND 2.
Term
Unconditioned Response
Definition
- in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salvation when food is in the mouth.
Term
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Definition
- in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically- triggers a response.
Term
Conditioned Response (CR)
Definition
- in classical conditioning the learned response to a preciously natural but (but how conditioned stimulus)
Term
Conditioned Stimulus
Definition
- in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response.
Term
Acqisition
Definition

- question of timing 

- between the stimulus-response relationship

-when does the initial learning happen

Term
High-order conditioning (second order)
Definition
- a procedure in which the ------  -----         - conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus.   
Term
Extinction
Definition
- the diminishing of condition response; occurs in classical conditioning when an (US) does not follow (CS) occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.  
Term
Spontaneous Recovery
Definition
- the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguish conditioned response.
Term
Dicrimination
Definition
-in classical conditioning the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus.
Term
Generalization
Definition
- the tendency, once a response has been conditioned for the stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar response.
Term
Respondent Behaviour
Definition
-behaviour that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.
Term
Operant Conditioning 
Definition
- a type of learning in which behaviour is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by a punisher.
Term
Operant Behaviour 
Definition
- behaviour that operates on the environment, producing concequences
Term
Law of effect
Definition
- Thorndikes's principle that behaviours followed by favourable consequences become more likely, and that behaviours followed by unfavourable consequences become less likely.
Term
Operant Chamber
Definition
- in operant conditioning research, a chamber (skinner box) contained a bar or key than an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcement.
Term
Shaping 
Definition
- an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behaviours toward a closer and closer aprox. to the disired behaviour.
Term
Reinforcer
Definition
- in operant conditioning any event that strengthens the behaviour it follows.
Term
Positive Reinforcement
Definition
- increasing behaviour by presenting positive stimulus, such as food.
Term
Negative Reinforcement
Definition
- increasing by stopping or reducing neg. stimuli such as shock. 
Term
Primary Reinforcement
Definition
- an innately reinforcing  stimulus such as one that satisfies a biological need.
Term
Conditioned Reinforcers
Definition
- a stimulus that gains it's reinforcing power through it's association with primary reinforcer.
Term
Continuous Reinforcement
Definition
- reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.
Term
Partial (intermittent) Reinforcement
Definition
- reinforcing a response only part of the three; results in slower acquisition of response but much greater resistance to extinction then does continuous reinforcement. 
Term
Fixed-ratio Schedules 
Definition
-reinforced behaviour after a set number of responses.
Term
Variable- ratio schedule 
Definition
- provider reinforcers after an unpredictable of responses.
Term
Fixed-interval schedule
Definition
- reinforced the first response after fixed time period.
Term
Variable-interval schedule
Definition
- reinforce the first response after varying time intervals .
Term
Punishment
Definition
- an event that decreases the behaviour that it follows.
Term
Cognitive Map
Definition
-a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. 
Term
Latent Learning
Definition
- learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.
Term
Intrinsic Motivation 
Definition
-a desire to perform a behaviour effectively for its own sake.
Term
Extrinsic Motivation
Definition
- a desire to perform a behaviour to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
Term
Observed Learning 
Definition
- learning by observed others
Term
Modeling
Definition
- a process of observing and imitating a specific behaviour.
Term
Mirror Neurons
Definition
-frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so.
Term
Prosocial behaviour
Definition
- positive, constructive helpful behaviour.
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