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Chapter Three
Sociology in our times; The Essentials
26
Sociology
Undergraduate 1
02/02/2011

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Term
Socialization
Definition
the lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society
Term
Sociobiology
Definition
the systematic study of how biology affects social behavior.
Term
id
Definition
Sigmund Fred's term for the component of personality that includes all of the individuals basic biological drives and needs that demand immediate gratification
Term
ego
Definition
according to Sigmund Freud, the rational, reality-oriented component of personality that imposes restrictions on the innate pleasure-seeking drives of the id.
Term
Sigmund Freud
Definition
psychoanalytic approach is that human behavior and personality originate from unconscious forces within indidviduals, founder of the psychoanalytic theory.
Term
superego
Definition
Sigmund Freud's term for the conscience, consisting of the moral and ethical aspects of personality.
Term
Lawrence Kohlberg
Definition
elaborated on Piaget's theories of cognitive reasoning by conducting a series of studies in which children, adolescents, and adults were presented with moral dilemmas that took the form of stories.
Term
Carol Gilligan
Definition
one of the major critics of Kohlberg's theory of moral development.
Term
Charles Horton Cooley
Definition
created the looking-glass theory
Term
George Herbert Mead
Definition
extended Cooley's insights by linking the idea of self-concept to role-taking.
Term
self-concept
Definition
the totality of our beliefs and feelings about ourselves
Term
looking-glass self
Definition
Charles Horton Cooley's term for the way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others.
Term
role-taking
Definition
the process by which a person mentally assumes the role of another person in order to understand the world from that person's point of view
Term
significant others
Definition
those people whose care, affection, and approval are espically desired and who are most important in the development of the self.
Term
generalized other
Definition
Mead's term for the child's awerness of the demands and expectations of the society as a whole or of the child's subculture.
Term
agents of socialization
Definition
the persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society.
Term
peer group
Definition
a group of people who are linked by common interest, equal social position, and similar age
Term
mass media
Definition
large-scale organizations that use print or electronic means to communicate with large numbers of people
Term
gender socialization
Definition
the aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of being female or male in a specific group or society.
Term
racial socialization
Definition
the aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of one's racial or ethnic status
Term
anticipatory socialization
Definition
the process by which knowledge and skills are learned for future roles
Term
social devaluation
Definition
a situation in which a person or group is considered to have less social value than other individuals or groups
Term
ageism
Definition
prejudice and discrimination against people on the basis of age, particularly against older people
Term
resocialization
Definition
the process of learning a new and different set of attitudes, values, and behaviors from those in one's background and experience.
Term
total institution
Definition
Erving Goffman's term for a place where people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and come under the control of the officials who run the institution.
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