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Chapter Five: Histology
Tissues
89
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
05/12/2010

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Term

Tissue

Definition
A group of similar cells that come from the same region of an embryo & work together to perform a specific task.
Term
Tissue Types
Definition

Epithelial

Connective

Nervous

Muscular

Term
Functions of Epithelial Tissues
Definition

1. covers body surfaces
2. lines hollow organs
3. lines body cavities
4. lines duct
5. forms glands

* Also known as Epithelium *

Term
Functions of Connective Tissue
Definition

1. Supports, binds & protects organs
2. Stores energy (as fat)
3. Provides immunity white blood cells

4. Movement, bones provide lever system

5. Heat production

6. Transport-blood

Term
Function of Muscular Tissue
Definition

1. supports body movements

2. generates body heat

Term
Function of Nervous Tissue
Definition
1. detects changes in body
2. generates nerve impulses
Term

True or Flase

There are only four primary tissue types in the human body.

Definition
True, They are Epithelial, Connective, Nervous and Muscular.
Term

Classifications

of Epithelia

Definition

Simple Epithelia:

-contains 1 layers of cells

- name by shape

- all cells touch basement membrane

 

Straitified Epithelia:

-contains more than 1 layer

- named by shape of apical

- some cells rest on top of others

- don't touch the basement membrane

Term
3 Basic Types of Simple Epithelia
Definition

: Simple Squamous (thin scaly)

: Simple Cuboial (square or round)

: Simple Columnar (tall narrow cells)

 

Term
Fourth Type of Simple Epithelia
Definition

 Pseudostraitified Columnar:

- every cell touchs the basement membrane

- not all cells reach the free surface

- shorter cells are covered by taller ones

- looks straitified

- has goblet cells

Term
Goblet Cells
Definition
Wineglass-shaped mucus secreting cells insimple columnar & pseudostraitified epithelia.
Term

Simple

Squamous Epithelial Cells

Definition

: Single row flat thin cells

: Permits rapid diffusion or transports substances

: Secretes serous fluid (watery fluid)

 

Term

Location (7) of simple

squamous epithelium

Definition
Lining of:
1. heart
2. blood vessels
3. lymphatic vessels
4. air sacs of lungs
5. glomerulr capsule of kidneys
6. inner surface of tympanic membrane

7. Forms epithelial layer of serous membranes (mesothelium): peritoneum, pericardium, pleura
Term
Simple Cuboidal Epithelial Cells
Definition

1.Single layer square or round cells

2. Absorption & secretion, mucus production and movement

Term

Simple Cuboidal Epithelial

Locations 

Definition
Liver, thyroid, mammary & salivary glands, bronchioles & tubles
Term
Simple columnar epithelial cells
Definition

1. Single row tall, narrow cells

-oval nuclei in basal half cell

- brush border of microvilli,

- likely to have cilia

-may have goblet cells

2. Absorption & secretion, mucus secretion

Term
Simple columnar epithelial cells locations
Definition

1. Lining of GI tract

2. Uterus

3. Kidney

4. Uterine tubes

Term

Pseudostraitified Epithelium

 

Definition

1. Looks multilayered, does not always reach the free space. all touch basement membrane

- nuceli at several layers

- has cilia & goblet cells

2. Secretes & propels mucus

Term

Pseudostraitified Epithelium

Location

Definition
 Respiratory tract & portions of the male reproductive tract
Term
Which type of epithelial tissues can have micro-villi and help in absorption and secretion?
Definition
cuboidal epithelial cells
Term

Straitified Epithelia Description

 

Definition

: 2 to 20 layers or more layers of cells

: Some rest on others

: Only the deepest layers

attach to basement membrane

: Named for the shape of their surface cells

: Some are keratinized (abrasion resistant)

: Some are nonkeratinized (lacks surface of dead skin)

 

:

Term
Keratinized Straitified Squamous
Definition
Resists abrasion, retards water loss through skin,resists penetration by pathogenic organisms.
Term

Keratinized Straitified Squamous

Location

Definition
Epidermis, palms & soles
Term
Nonkeratinized Straitified Squamous
Definition
Resist abrasion & penetration by pathogenic organisms
Term
Nonkeratinized Straitified Squamous Location
Definition
Tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, anal canal, vagina
Term
Straitified Cuboidal Epithelium
Definition

1. 2 or more cell layers

2. Surface cells square or round

3. Secretes sweat, sperm production & ovarian hormones

Term
Transitional Epithelium
Definition
Stretches to allow filling of urinary tract
Term
Transitional Epithelium Locations
Definition

1. Urinary tract-part of kidney,

2. Ureter bladder,

3. Part of urethra

4. Allantoic duct in umbilical cord

Term
Straitified Cuboidal Epithelium Locations
Definition

1. Sweat gland ducts

2. Egg producing vesicles (follicles) of ovaries

3. Sperm producing ducts (testes)

Term
Connective Tissue
Definition

: Tissue in which cells usually have less space than extracellular material

: Binds organs to each other

: Supports & protects organs

: most are not in direct contact with each other

- separated by extracellular material

: Highly vascular (rich w/ blood vessels)

: Abundant, widely distributed

Term
Functions of Connective Tissue
Definition

1. Binding organs- tendons & ligaments

2. Support- bones & cartilage

3. Physical protection- cranium, ribs, sternum

4. Immune protection- white blood cells attack f/b

5. Movement- bones provide lever system

6. Heat production- metabolism of brown fat in infants

7. Storage- fat,calcium,phosphorus

8. Transport-blood

Storagefat,calcium,phosphorus

7.

Term
Connective Tissue Cells
Definition

1. Fibroblast-produces fibers & ground substance

2. Macrophages-phagocytize foregin objects & activates immune system, when antigen is sensed

-from white blood cells (monocytes)

3. Lekocytes (white blood cells)

-neutrophils, looks for attacking bacteria

-lymphocytes,reacts to bacteria,toxin & f/b

4. Plasma cells-synthesize disease fighting antibodies

- come from lymphocytes

5. Mast cells-found along blood vessels

-secretes heparin inhibits clotting

-histamine that dilates blood vessles

6. Adipocytes- store trigylcerides (fat molecules)

 

Term
Connective Tissue Fibers
Definition

Collagenous- tough flexible fibers that add strength & support

 

Reticular- thin collagen fibers coated w/glycoprotein

 

Elastic- are thin, branch & rejoin each other, made of protein (elastin) allows strength & recoil (yellow fibers)-fresh elastic fibers

 

Term
Types of Fibrous Connective Tissue
Definition

1. Loose Connective Tissue

 

2. Dense Connective Tissue

 

3. Areolar Tissue

 

4. Reticular Tissue

 

5. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

 

6. Adipose Tissue

 

6.

Term

Areolar Tissue

(Loose Connective Tissue)

Definition

* Lose fibers,abundant blood vessels & lots of empty space

 

* posses all 6 cell types

 

* fibers run random

 

* found in almost all sections of the body

 

* nearly every epithelium rest on a layer of areolar tissue

Term
true/false: epithelial tissue heals fast due to the abundant blood vessels that cross it and give it oxygen
Definition
FALSE: Epithelial tissue is AVASCULAR!!!!
Term
Types of adult connective tissue
Definition
1. dense
2. loose
3. cartilage
4. bone
5. liquid
Term

Dense Regular Tissue

(Dense Connective Tissue)

Definition

* Densely packed, parallel collagen fibers

- compressed fibroblast nuclei

 

* Tendons attaches muscles to bone & ligaments hold bone together

Term

Dense Irregular Tissue

(Dense Connective Tissue)

Definition

*Densely packed, randomly arranged

 

* Collagen fibers & few visble cells

-withstands unpredictable stresses

-deeper layer of skin, capsules around organs

Term
Dense Connective Tissue
Definition

* Fibers fill spaces between cells

 

* Types vary in fiber orientation

: dense regular (tendon,ligament)

: dense irregular (fibers go everywhere)

Term
Basement Membrane
Definition

* Layer between an epithelium & underlying connective tissue

 

* Contains: collagen

:laminin (adhesive glycoprotein)

: fibronectin

:heparinsulfate (large protein)

:carbohydrate complex

 

* Anchors epithelium to basement

 

 

Term
Basal Surface
Definition
Surfaces of the epithelial, faces the basement membrane
Term
Apical Surface
Definition
Surface that faces away from the basement membrane
Term
Ground Substance
Definition

Usually a gelatinous rubbery consistency resulting from three classes of large molecules

1. glycosaminoglycans (GAG)

2. proteoglycan

3. adhesive glycoproteins

Term
What do tendons connect?
Definition
muscle & bone
Term
What do ligaments connect?
Definition
bone & bone
Term
What kind of fibers are found in Dense Irregular CT?
Definition
Collagen Fibers
Term
What kind of cells are found in Dense Irregular CT?
Definition
fibroblasts
Term
Extracellular matrix
Definition
blood plasma
Term
Tight Junctions
Definition

A region in which adjacent cells are bound together by fusion of the outer phospholipid layer of their plasma membrane.

 

- in epithelial forms a zone that completely encircles each cell near its apicol pole

 

-seals off intercellular space

-makes it impossible for something to pass between cells

 

Term
Intercellular Junctions
Definition

* Connection between one cell & another.

 

* All cells  (except blood & metastatic cancer cells)

 

* Resist stress & communication w/ each other

 

: Inter- means between

: Cells- mean cells

Term
Desmosomes Junctions
Definition

* Patch that holds cells together

 

* Serves to keep cells from pulling apart

 

* Hooklike J shaped proteins

 

* Hemideemosomes-anchor the basal cells of the epithelium to the underlying tissues.

: Hemi- means half

Term
Gap Junctions
Definition

* Formed by a ringlike connexon

 

-consist of of 6 tramsmembrane proteins,arranged like segments of orange

 

-surrounding water-filled pores

 

-ions,glucose, amino acids & other solutes pass from one cell to the next

Term
Endocrine Glands
Definition

*Lose their contact w/ the surface & have no ducts

-hormones-secretion of endocrine glands

-secretes (hormones) directly into blood

-thyroid,adrenal & pituitary gland

 

*Some organs have both endocrine & exocrine function: liver gonads,pancreas

Term
Exocrine Gland
Definition

* Maintain their contact w/ the body surface by way of a duct (epithelial tube that conveys sercetion to surface)

-sweat, mammary & tear glands

Term
Types of Exocrine Glands
Definition

:Simple-unbranched duct

:Compund-branched duct

 

* Shape of gland

:tublar-duct & secretory portion have uniform diameter

:acinar-secretory cells form dialted sac (acinus or alveolus)

:tubuloacinar-both tubular & acinus portions

Term

Blood

(Fluid Connective Tissue)

Definition

* Transport cells & dissolves matter from place to place

 

*Plasma- blood liquid ground substance

 

*Formed elements-cells & cell fragments

-erythrocytes-red blood cells

-platelets-cells fragments involved in clotting & other mechanisms

Term

Bone

(Connective Tissue)

Definition

Bone has 2 meanings:

-organ ofthe body, femur,manibles composed of multiple tissue types

 

-bone tissue-osseous tissue makes up most of the mass of bone

 

Forms of osseous tissue

-spongy bone-spongy appearance

*delicate struts of bone

*covered by compact bone

*found in heads of long bones & in the middle of flat bones such as the sternum

Term

Compact Bone

(Cnnective Tissue)

Definition

:Denser calcified tissue

 

*No visible spaces

-more complex arrangement

-cells & matrix surround vertically oriented blood vessels in long bones

 

Term

Cartilage

(Connective Tissue)

Definition

Supportive connective tissue w/ flexible rubbery matrix.

 

Gives shape to ear,lips,nose & larynx

 

Chondrocytes-mature cartilage cells

Chondoblasts-Immature cells

Perichondrium-Sheath of dense irregular tissue that surrounds elastic & most hyaline cartilage (not articular cartilage)

-contains a reserve population of chondoblasts

Term

Cartilage (Connective Tissue)

Cont......

Definition

contribute to cartilage growth throughout life

 

No blood vessels

-diffusion brings nutrients & remove wates

-heats slowly

Matrix rich chondroitin sulfate & contain collahen fibers

Term
Types of Cartilage
Definition

1. Hyaline Cartilage

 

2. Elastic Cartilage

 

3. Fibrocartilage

Term

Hyaline Cartilage

(Connective Tissue)

Definition
Hyaline cartilage is semi-transparent and appears bluish-white in colour. It is extremely strong, but very flexible and elastic. Hyaline cartilage consists of living cells, chondrocytes, which are situated far apart in fluid-filled spaces, the lacunae. There is an extensive amount of rubbery matrix between the cells and the matrix contains a number of collagenous fibres. Hyaline cartilage occurs in trachea, the larynx, the tip of the nose, in the connection between the ribs and the breastbone and also the ends of bone where they form joints. Temporary cartilage in mammalian embryos also consists of hyaline cartilage.
Term
Haline Cartilage Functions
Definition
  • Reduces friction at joints.

    By virtue of the smooth surface of hyaline cartilage, it provides a sliding area which reduces friction, thus facilitating bone movement.

  • Movement

    Hyaline cartilage joins bones firmly together in such a way that a certain amount of movement is still possible between them.

  • Support

    The c-shaped cartilagenous rings in the windpipes (trachea and bronchi) assist in keeping those tubes open.

  • Growth

    Hyaline cartilage is responsible for the longitudinal growth of bone in the neck

  • Term

    Elastic Cartilage

    (Connective Tissue)

    Definition

    Elastic cartilage.

    Basically elastic cartilage is similar to hyaline cartilage, but in addition to the collagenous fibres, the matrix of the elastic also contains an abundant network of branched yellow elastic fibres. They run through the matrix in all directions. This type of cartilage is found in the lobe of the ear, the epiglottis and in parts of the larynx.

    Term
    Elastic Cartilage Functions
    Definition
    • Maintain shape.

      In the ear, for example, elastic cartilage helps to maintain the shape and flexibility of the organ.

    • Support

      Elastic cartilage also strengthens and supports these structures.

    Term

    Fibrocartilage

    (Connective Tissue)

    Definition
    White fibrocartilage is an extremely tough tissue. The orientation of the bundles depends upon the stresses acting on the cartilage. The collagenous bundles take up a direction parallel to the cartilage. Fibrocartilage is found as discs between the vertebrae between the pubic bones in front of the pelvic girdle and around the edges of the articular cavities such as the glenoid cavity in the shoulder joint.
    Term
    Fibrocartilage Functions
    Definition
    • Shock absorbers.

      The cartilage between the adjacent vertebrae absorbs the shocks that will otherwise damage and jar the bones while we run or walk.

    • Provides sturdiness without impeding movement.

      The white fibrocartilage forms a firm joint between bones but still allows for a reasonable degree of movement.

    • Deepens sockets.

      In articular cavities (such as the ball-and-socket joints in the hip and shoulder regions) white fibrocartilage deepens the sockets to make dislocation less possible.

    Term
    Cardiac Muscle
    Definition

    : Limited to the heart

    :Myocytes or cardiocytes are much shorter, branched & motched at end

    :Contains 1 centrally located nucleus surrounded by light staining glycogen

    :Intercalated discs

    :Striated & involuntary

     

    Term
    Muscular Tissue
    Definition

    *Elongated cells that are designed to contract in response to stimulation

     

    *

    *Job to exert force on other tissues & organs

     

    *Creates movement

    -involved w/ digestion,waste removal, breathing, speech & circulation

     

    Term

    Types of

    Muscular Tissue

    Definition

    1. Skeletal

    2. Cardiac

    3. Smooth

    Term
    Skeletal Muscle
    Definition
    A skeletal muscle consists of fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers) enclosed by the epimysium. The bundles are separated by connective tissue fibers of the perimysium, and within each bundle the muscle fibers are surrounded by the endomysium. Each muscle fiber has many superficial nuclei as well as mitochondria and other organelles
    Term
    Skeletal Muscle Functions
    Definition

     

    *Force production for locomotion and breathing
    *Force production for postural support
    *Heat production during cold stress
    Term
    Smooth Muscle
    Definition
    Smooth muscle tissue is made up of thin-elongated muscle cells, fibres. These fibres are pointed at their ends and each has a single, large, oval nucleus. Each cell is filled with a specialised cytoplasm, the sarcoplasm and is surrounded by a thin cell membrane, the sarcolemma. Each cell has many myofibrils which lie parallel to one another in the direction of the long axis of the cell. They are not arranged in a definite striped (striated) pattern, as in skeletal muscles - hence the name smooth muscle . Smooth muscle fibres interlace to form sheets or layers of muscle tissue rather than bundles. Smooth muscle is involuntary tissue, i.e. it is not controlled by the brain. Smooth muscle forms the muscle layers in the walls of hollow organs such as the digestive tract (lower part of the oesophagus, stomach and intestines), the walls of the bladder, the uterus, various ducts of glands and the walls of blood vessels .
    Term
    Smooth Functions
    Definition
    • Smooth muscle controls slow, involuntary movements such as the contraction of the smooth muscle tissue in the walls of the stomach and intestines.
    • The muscle of the arteries contracts and relaxes to regulate the blood pressure and the flow of blood.
    Term
    Merocrine Gland
    Definition

    a)      - This is the most common type of glandular epithelium secretion where secretory granules within the cytoplasm of the cell gather at the apical region of the cell.  Then, the granule’s limiting membrane fuses with the apical membrane and the contents of the granule are opened and released.  This process of fusion and release are collectively referred to as exocytosis.  The secretory granules leave the cell with no loss of other cellular material.  Mucous and serous cells exhibit this type of secretion.

    Term
    Holocrine Gland
    Definition

    : Cells accumulate a product & then the entire cell disintegrates

     

    -secretion a mixture of cell fragments & synthesized substance

     

    -oil glands of scalp, glands of eyelids

    Term
    Apocrine Glands
    Definition

     

    In apocrine secretion, part of the cell cytoplasm is released along with the secretory product.
    Milk production involves both apocrine and merocrine secretions.
    Term
    Parenchyma / Stroma
    Definition
    The parenchyma of an organ consists of that tissue which conducts the specific function of the organ and which usually comprises the bulk of the organ.  Stroma is everything else -- connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, ducts.  The parenchyma / stroma distinction provides a convenient way to circumvent the listing of tissue types when discussing an organ.  
    Term

    Nervous Tissues

    Neuron Vs. Neuroglia

    Definition

    Neuron: (nerve cells)

    -detects stimuli

    -respond quickly

    -transmits coded info rapidlyto other cells

     

    Neuroglia: (glial)

    -protects & assist neurons

    -housekeepers of nervous system

    Term

    Homeostasis

    Negative Feedback/ Positive Feedback

    Definition

    :Homeostasis comprises the processes by which the organism maintains adequate intra and extracellular conditions to keep possible the normal reactions of the metabolism.

     

    Negative Feedback:

    Negative feedback is the main mechanism of homeostasis and it occurs in a variety of processes, such as in blood pressure control, glycemic control, muscle contraction, etc.

    Positive Feedback:

    In positive feedback the effect caused by an action stimulates the action even more. This is a rarer mechanism of the homeostatic regulation.

    Term
    4 Membrane Types
    Definition

    Membranes: lined body cavities & cover their viscera

     

  • Mucous membranes line cavities that connect with the exterior, including the digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts. The epithelial surfaces are kept moist at all times. The connective tissue portion of a mucous membrane is called the lamina propria. The mucous membranes are usually lined with simple epithelia that perform absorptive or secretory functions (eg. the simple columnar epithelium of the digestive tract). Examples of others are the stratified squamous epithelium, that covers the mucous membranes of the mouth, and the transitional epithelium, covering the mucous membranes of the urinary tract.
  • Term
    4 Membrane Types
    Definition
  • Serous membranes line the sealed, internal cavities of the body. There are three such membranes with each consisting of a simple epithelium supported by loose connective tissue:
    • the pleura lines the pleural cavities and covers the lungs
    • the peritoneum lines the peritoneal cavity and covers the surfaces of enclosed organs such as the liver and stomach
    • the pericardium lines the pericardial cavity and covers the heart.
    A serous membrane also has parietal and visceral portions. Parietal lines the outer wall of the internal chamber. The visceral portion covers organs within the body cavity. Serous fluid covers the surfaces to minimize friction between opposing surfaces.
  • Term
    4 Membrane Types
    Definition
    Cutaneous membranes of the skin cover the surface of the body. They consist of stratified squamous epithelium and the underlying connective tissues. Cutaneous membranes are thick, relatively waterproof, and dry
    Term
    4 Membrane Types
    Definition
  • Synovial membranes produce synovial fluid which helps lubricate joints permitting smooth movement. The synovial membrane consists mainly of loose connective tissue with the epithelial layer being incomplete.
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