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Chapter 9: Thinking and Language
N/A
26
Psychology
11th Grade
01/05/2012

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Term
cognition
Definition
all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating information
Term
concept
Definition
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, and people
Term
prototype
Definition
a best example of a specific category
Term
algorithm
Definition
methodical, logical procedure that, while slow, guarantees success
Term
heuristic
Definition
time efficient, allow us to make judgements to solve problems, but do not guarantee accuracy
Term
confirmation bias
Definition
people search for information that supports their preconception
Term
fixation
Definition
inability to approach a problem in a new way
Term
mental set
Definition
example of fixation. tendency to approach a problem with the mind-set of what has worked previously
Term
functional fixedness
Definition
type of fixation. ability to thinking of only the familiar functions for object without thinking of alternative uses
Term
representativeness heuristic
Definition
tendency to judge a likelihood of things in terms of how well they match particular prototypes (short, likes poetry, round glasses, you think professor but could be garbage man)
Term
availability heuristic
Definition
tendency to judge the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match particular prototypes (when a man from one ethnicity commits terroism, we associate the whole ethnic group with this bad man)
Term
belief perseverance
Definition
when people still believe something even though it has been proven wrong
Term
framing
Definition
the way a question is posed
Term
phonemes
Definition
smallest units of sound in a language that are distinctive for speakers of the language
Term
morphemes
Definition
m= meaning

smallest unit of language that carries meaning
Term
grammar
Definition
rules that enable us to understand others
Term
semantics
Definition
rules to derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language. (-ed = past tense)
Term
syntax
Definition
rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
Term
babbling stage
Definition
speaking stage at 4 mos.
Term
one-word stage
Definition
1-2 yrs. children speak in single words
Term
two word stage
Definition
age 2. children speak mostly in 2 word sentances
Term
telegraphic speech
Definition
2 years old. uses 2 words mostly noun and verbs in the right order
Term
aphasia
Definition
language impairment as result of damage to Broca's area, and wernicke's area
Term
broca's area
Definition
left frontal lobe, controls motor ability to produce speech
Term
wernicke's area
Definition
left temporal lobe, involved in language comprehension and expression
Term
linguistic determinism
Definition
Benjamin Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think
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