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Chapter 9
David G. Myers Psychology
55
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
11/02/2013

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Term
Cognition
Definition
The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing remembering, and communicating
Term
Concept
Definition
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, and people
Term
Prototype
Definition
A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin)
Term
Algorithm
Definition
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually spedier but lso more error-prone use of heuristics
Term
Heuristic
Definition
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error prone than algorithms
Term
Insight
Definition
A sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions
Term
Confirmation bias
Definition
A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
Term
Mental Set
Definition
A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
Term
Intuition
Definition
An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, concious reasoning
Term
Availability Heuristic
Definition
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common
Term
Overconfidence
Definition
The tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments
Term
Belief Perseverance
Definition
Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
Term
Framing
Definition
The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments
Term
Creativity
Definition
The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
Term
Convergent Thinking
Definition
Narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
Term
Divergent Thinking
Definition
Expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions)
Term
Robert Sternberg
Definition
Develped the theory that creativity has 5 components - Expertise, imaginative thinking skills, a venturesome personality, instinsic motivation, and a creative environment
Term
Language
Definition
Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
Term
Phoneme
Definition
In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
Term
Morpheme
Definition
In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word
Term
Grammar
Definition
In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understad others. In a given language, semantics is the st of rules for deriving meaning from sounds, and syntax is the set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences
Term
Babbling Stage
Definition
Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
Term
One-word Stage
Definition
The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words
Term
Two-word Stage
Definition
Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements
Term
Telegraphic Speech
Definition
Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram, using mostly nouns and verbs
Term
Aphasia
Definition
Impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding)
Term
Broca's Area
Definition
Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech
Term
Wernicke's Area
Definition
Control's language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe
Term
Linguistic Determinism
Definition
Benjamin Lee Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think
Term
Intelligence
Definition
Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
Term
General Intelligence
Definition
A general intelligence factor that, according to Charles Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test
Term
Savant Syndrome
Definition
A condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing
Term
Emotional Intelligence
Definition
The ability to percieve, understand, manage, and use emotions
Term
Intelligence Test
Definition
A method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores
Term
Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory
Definition
Our abilites are best classified into eight independent intelligences which include a broad range of skills beyondtraditional school smarts
Term
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory
Definition
Our intelligence is best classified into three areas that predict real world success: analytical, creative, and practical
Term
Alfred Binet
Definition
Opposed the idea that one's intelligence is a fixed quantity which one cannot augment
Term
Aptitude Test
Definition
A test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn
Term
Achievement Test
Definition
A test designed to assess what a person has learned
Term
Mental Age
Definition
A measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who deos as well as an average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8
Term
Stanford-Binet
Definition
The widely used American revision (by Lewis Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test
Term
Intelligence quotient (IQ)
Definition
Defined originally as the ration of mental age to cronological age multiplied by 100. On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100
Term
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
Definition
The WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests
Term
Standardization
Definition
Defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group
Term
Normal Curve
Definition
The bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological atributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes
Term
Reliability
Definition
The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of the scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting
Term
Validity
Definition
The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
Term
Content Validity
Definition
The extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest
Term
Predictive Validity
Definition
The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior
Term
Crystallized Intelligence
Definition
Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
Term
Fluid Intelligence
Definition
Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
Term
Intellectual Disability
Definition
A condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence test score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life (mental retardation)
Term
Down Syndrome
Definition
A condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disoreders caused by and extra copy of chromesome 21
Term
Heritability
Definition
The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied
Term
Stereotype Threat
Definition
A self-confirming concert that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
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