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Chapter 9
Vocabulary & Key Concepts
54
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/27/2013

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Term
glucose
Definition
the most common source of chemical energy used by organisms
Term
4 steps in the oxidation of glucose via cellular respiration to convert the chemical energy in glucose to the chemical energy in ATP
Definition
1. glycolysis
2. pyruvate processing
3. citric acid cycle
4. electron transport & oxidative phosphorylation
Term
glycolysis
Definition
one 6-carbon molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of the three-carbon compound pyruvate; ATP is produced from ADP; NAD+ is reduced to form NADH; occurs in cytoplasm of eukaryotes & prokaryotes
Term
pyruvate processing
Definition
pyruvate is processed to release one CO2; two carbons are used to form acetyl CoA; oxidation of pyruvate leads to NAD+ being reduced to NADH; occurs in matrix of mitochondria or cytoplasm of prokaryotes
Term
citric acid cycle
Definition
acetyl CoA is oxidized to two CO2; more ATP & NADH are produced; FAD is reduced to FADH2; occurs in matrix of mitochondria or cytoplasm of prokaryotes
Term
electron transport & oxidative phosphorylation
Definition
electrons from NADH & FADH2 move through ETC; energy creates a proton gradient across the membrane; protons cross membrane back to make ATP; occurs in inner membrane of mitochondria or plasma membrane of prokaryotes
Term
oxidative phosphorylation
Definition
ATP phosphorylation through the proton gradient made by the ETC is linked to the oxidation of NADH & FADH2
Term
cellular respiration
Definition
any suite of reactions that uses electrons harvested from high-energy molecules to produce ATP via an electron transport chain
Term
in humans, about half the required amino acids can be synthesized from molecules siphoned from the _____
Definition
citric acid cycle
Term
acetyl CoA is the starting point for anabolic pathways that result in the synthesis of _____
Definition
fatty acids
Term
intermediates in _____ can be oxidized to start the synthesis of the sugars in ribonucleotides & deoxyribonucleotides
Definition
glycolysis
Term
if ATP is abundant, _____ & _____ (from fermentation) can be used in the synthesis of glucose
Definition
pyruvate & lactate
Term
homeostasis
Definition
cell is able to maintain its internal environment even under different environmental conditions
Term
10 steps/reactions of glycolysis
Definition
1. transfers a phosphate from ATP to glucose, increasing its potential energy
2. converts glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate (an isomer)
3. transfers a phosphate from ATP to the opposite end of fructose-6-phosphate, increasing its potential energy
4. cleaves fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into two different 3-carbon sugars
5. converts DAP to G3P (used as a substrate)
6. oxidized G3P using NAD+ coenzyme to produce NADH; energy from this reaction attaches Pi to oxidized G3P to form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
7. transfers a phosphate from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP to make 3-phosphoglycerate & ATP
8. rearranges phosphate in 3-phosphoglycerate to make 2-phosphoglycerate
9. removes a water molecule from 2-phosphoglycerate to make C=C & produce phosphoenolpyruvate
10. transfers a phosphate from phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP to make pyruvate & ATP
Term
hexokinase (G1)
Definition
transfers a phosphate from ATP to glucose, increasing its potential energy
Term
phosphoglucose isomerase (G2)
Definition
converts glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate (an isomer)
Term
phosphofructokinase (G3)
Definition
transfers a phosphate from ATP to the opposite end of fructose-6-phosphate, increasing its potential energy
Term
fructose-bis-phosphate aldolase (G4)
Definition
cleaves fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into two different 3-carbon sugars
Term
tricose phosphate isomerase (G5)
Definition
converts DAP to G3P (used as a substrate)
Term
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6)
Definition
oxidized G3P using NAD+ coenzyme to produce NADH; energy from this reaction attaches Pi to oxidized G3P to form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
Term
phosphoglycerate kinase (G7)
Definition
transfers a phosphate from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP to make 3-phosphoglycerate & ATP
Term
phosphoglycerate mutase (G8)
Definition
rearranges phosphate in 3-phosphoglycerate to make 2-phosphoglycerate
Term
enolase (G9)
Definition
removes a water molecule from 2-phosphoglycerate to make C=C & produce phosphoenolpyruvate
Term
pyruvate kinase (G10)
Definition
transfers a phosphate from phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP to make pyruvate & ATP
Term
mitochondrial matrix
Definition
the region inside the inner membrane but outside the cristae
Term
cristae
Definition
the sac-like structures that fill the interior of the mitochondria
Term
CoA
Definition
the compound with which pyruvate reacts inside the mitochondrion
Term
acetyl CoA
Definition
the product of the reactions between pyruvate & CoA
Term
pyruvate dehydrogenase
Definition
the enzyme complex inside which the reaction sequence between pyruvate & CoA occurs
Term
8 steps/reactions of the citric acid cycle
Definition
1. transfers the 2-carbon acetyl group from acetyl CoA to the 4-carbon oxaloacetate to produce the 6-carbon citrate
2. converts citrate to isocitrate by the removal of one water molecule & the addition of another water molecule
3. oxidizes isocitrate using NAD+ to produce NADH & release one CO2, resulting in the formation of the 5-carbon molecule alpha-ketoglutarate
4. oxidizes alpha-ketoglutarate using NAD+ to produce NADH & release one CO2; remaining 4-carbon molecule is added to CoA to form succinyl CoA
5. CoA is removed, converting succinyl CoA to succinate; energy released is used to transfer Pi to GDP to form GTP or to ADP to form ATP
6. oxidizes succinate by transferring two hydrogens to FAD to make FADH2, resulting in fumarate
7. converts fumarate to malate by addition of water molecule
8. oxidizes malate by using NAD+ to produce NADH, resulting in regeneration of oxaloacetate
Term
citrate synthase (CA 1)
Definition
transfers the 2-carbon acetyl group from acetyl CoA to the 4-carbon oxaloacetate to produce the 6-carbon citrate
Term
aconitase (CA 2)
Definition
converts citrate to isocitrate by the removal of one water molecule & the addition of another water molecule
Term
isocitrate dehydrogenase (CA 3)
Definition
oxidizes isocitrate using NAD+ to produce NADH & release one CO2, resulting in the formation of the 5-carbon molecule alpha-ketoglutarate
Term
alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (CA 4)
Definition
oxidizes alpha-ketoglutarate using NAD+ to produce NADH & release one CO2; remaining 4-carbon molecule is added to CoA to form succinyl CoA
Term
succinyl-CoA synthetase (CA 5)
Definition
CoA is removed, converting succinyl CoA to succinate; energy released is used to transfer Pi to GDP to form GTP or to ADP to form ATP
Term
succinate dehydrogenase (CA 6)
Definition
oxidizes succinate by transferring two hydrogens to FAD to make FADH2, resulting in fumarate
Term
fumarase (CA 7)
Definition
converts fumarate to malate by addition of water molecule
Term
malate dehydrogenase (CA 8)
Definition
oxidizes malate by using NAD+ to produce NADH, resulting in regeneration of oxaloacetate
Term
electron transport chain (ETC)
Definition
the molecules responsible for the oxidation of NADH & FADH2
Term
complex 1 in ETC
Definition
NADH dehydrogenase; oxidizes NADH & transfers the two electrons through proteins containing FMN prosthetic groups & FeS cofactors to reduce an oxidized form of Q; four H+ are pumped out
Term
complex II in ETC
Definition
succinate dehydrogenase; oxidizes FADH2 & transfers two electrons through proteins containing FeS cofactors to reduce an oxidized form of Q
Term
Q in ETC
Definition
ubiquinone; reduced by complexes I & II & moves throughout the interior of ETC membrane where it is oxidized by complex III
Term
complex III in ETC
Definition
cytochrome c reductase; oxidizes Q & transfers one electron at a time through proteins containing heme prosthetic groups & FeS cofactors to reduce an oxidated form of cyt c; four H+ for each pair of electrons is transported
Term
cyt c in ETC
Definition
cytochrome c; reduced by accepting a single electron from complex III & moves along surface of ETC membrane where it is oxidized by complex IV
Term
complex IV in ETC
Definition
cytochrome c oxidase; oxidizes cyt c & transfers each electron through proteins containing heme prosthetic groups to reduce O2 which picks up two H+ from the matrix to produce water; two H+ are pumped
Term
ATP synthase
Definition
an enzyme that both hydrolyzes & synthesizes ATP
Term
chemiosmosis
Definition
the use of a proton gradient to drive energy-requiring process
Term
proton-motive force
Definition
based on a proton electrochemical gradient
Term
aerobic
Definition
depends on oxygen as an electron acceptor for the ETC
Term
anaerobic
Definition
depends on electron acceptors other than oxygen
Term
fermentation
Definition
a metabolic pathway that regenerates NAD+ by oxidizing stockpiles of NADH; the electrons removed from NADH are transferred to pyruvate instead of an electron transport chain
Term
lactic acid fermentation
Definition
regenerates NAD+ by forming a product molecule called lactate
Term
alcohol fermentation
Definition
instead of depositing the electrons from NADH into pyruvate, cells first convert pyruvate to the two-carbon compound acetaldehyde (reaction gives off carbon dioxide)
Term
facultative anaerobes
Definition
organisms that can switch between fermentation & cellular respiration that uses oxygen as an electron acceptor
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