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Chapter 9
Language Development (Exam #3)
49
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
10/13/2013

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Term
What are the components of language?
Definition
1. Phonology
2. Semantics
3. Grammar
a. Syntax
b. Morphology
4. Pragmatics
Term
Phonology
Definition
refers to the rules governing the structure and sequence of speech sounds.
Term
Semantics
Definition
involves vocabulary - the way underlying concepts are expressed in words and word combos.
Term
Grammar
Definition
consists of:
1. Syntax - the rules by which words are arranged into sentences.
2. Morphology - the use of grammatical markers indicating numer, tense, case, person, gender, active or passive coice, and other meanings.
Term
Pragmatics
Definition
refers to the rules for engaging in appropriate and effective communication.
Term
Sociolinguistic knowledge
Definition
the way society dictates how language should be spoken.
Term
Noam Chomsky's nativist theory
Definition
states that language is a uniquely human accomplishment, etched into the structure of the brain.
Term
Chomsky's language acquisition device (LAD)
Definition
an innate system that permits children, once they have acquired sufficient vocabulary, to combine words into grammatically consistent, novel utterances and to understand the meaning of sentences they hear.
Term
Universal grammar
Definition
within the LAD is a built-in storehouse of rules common to all human languages.
Term
Broca's area
Definition
located in the left frontal lobe, supports grammatical processing and language production.
Term
Wernicke's area
Definition
located in the left temporal lobe, plays a role in comprehending word meaning.
Term
What are some limits of the nativist perspective?
Definition
1. Difficult to specify Chomsky's universal grammar.
2. Innate grammatical knowledge is challenged by certain observations of language development.
3. Lacks comprehensiveness
4. Underemphasizes children's cognitive development
Term
Interactionist perspective
Definition
emphasizes interactions between inner capacities and environmental influences.
Term
Information-processing theory
Definition
claims that the multilayered networks of neural connections in the brain are programmed with basic learning procedures. The artificial network is exposed to various types of language input and given feedback about the accuracy of its responses:
1. If it correct, the connection is strengthen.
2. If it incorrect, the connection weakens.
Term
Social interaction theory
Definition
states that there is a strong desire to understand others and to be understood by them, and a rich language environment combine to help children discover the functions and regularities of language.
Term
Phonemes
Definition
the smallest sound units that signal a change in meaning.
Term
Categorical speech perception
Definition
this tendency to perceive as identical a range of sounds that belong to the same phonemic class.
Term
Statistical analyzers
Definition
in the second half of the first year, babies can distinguish adjacent syllables that frequently occur together from those that seldom occur together.
Term
Infant-directed speech (IDS)
Definition
a form of communication made up of short sentences with high-pitched, exaggerated expression, clear pronunciation, distinct pauses between speech segments, clear gestures to support verbal meaning, and repetition of new words in a variety of contexts.
Term
Cooing
Definition
vowel-like noises that emerge around two months of age.
Term
Babbling
Definition
appears around 6 months, in which infants repeat consonant-vowel combinations, often in long strings such as "baba" and "nana".
- A deaf infants no exposed to sign language will stop babbling completely.
- For babbling to develop further, babies must be exposed to human speech.
Term
Joint attention
Definition
in which the child attends to the same object or event as the caregiver. Gains in joint attention enable babies to establish a common ground with his/her caregiver.
Term
Protodeclarative
Definition
in which the baby points to, touches, or holds up an object while looking at others to make sure they notice.
Term
Protoimperative
Definition
the baby gets another person to do something by reaching, pointing, and often making sounds at the same time.
Term
Phonological development
Definition
is a complex process that depends on the child's ability to attend to sound sequences, produce sounds, and combine them into understandable words and phrases.
Term
Fast mapping
Definition
the process of children connecting a new word with an underlying concept after only a brief encounter.
Term
What influences the development of language (speaking)?
Definition
1. Genetic and environmental influences.
2. Temperament
3. Quantity of caregiver-child conversation and richness of vocabulary.
4. Proporties of a child's native language.
Term
Referential style
Definition
a child's vocabulary consisting mainly of words that refer to objects.
Term
Expressive style
Definition
children initially produce many more social formulas and pronouns.
Term
What are the three types of words that are common in children's vocabularies?
Definition
1. Object
2. Action
3. State
Term
Underextension
Definition
children may apply words too narrowly.
Term
Overextension
Definition
applying a word to a wider collection of objects and events than is appropriate.
Term
Phonological store
Definition
young children's fast mapping is supported by a special part of short term memory, which permits us to retain speech-based information.
Term
Syntactic bootstrapping
Definition
preschoolers discover many word meanings by observing how words are used in syntax.
Term
Emergentist coalition model
Definition
proposes that word-learning strategies emerge out of children's efforts to decipher language. Children draw on a coalition of cues - perceptual, social, and linguistic - that shift in importance with age.
Term
Telegraphic speech
Definition
two-word utterances, which focus on high-content words and omit smaller, less important one.
i.e. More cookie.
Term
Grammatical morphemes
Definition
small markers that change the meaning of sentences.
i.e. John's dog
Term
What explains the sequence of grammatical development?
Definition
1. Structural complexity.
2. Semantic complexity.
Term
Overregulation
Definition
children applying a regular morphological rule, they extend it to words that are exceptions.
i.e. My toy car breaked.
Term
What are the three types of negation that appear in early childhood children?
Definition
1. Nonexistence: remark on an absent thing.
2. Rejection: child expresses opposition.
3. Denial: child denies the truthfulness of something.
Term
Semantic bootstrapping
Definition
children use word meanings to figure out sentence structure. Children might begin by grouping together words with "agent (S.H.I.E.L.D) qualities" (things that cause actions) as subjects and words with "action qualities" as verbs. Then they merge these categories with observations of how words are used in sentences.
Term
What are the ways adult reformulate children about grammar?
Definition
1. Recasts: restructuring inaccurate speech into correct form.
2. Expansions: elaborating on children's speech, increasing its complexity.
Term
Turnabout
Definition
the speaker not only comments on what has just been said but also adds a request to get the partner to respond again.
Term
Shading
Definition
in which a speaker initiates a change of topic gradually by modifying the focus of discussion.
Term
Illocutionary intent
Definition
what a speaker means to say, even if the form of the utterance is not perfectly consistent with int.
Term
Referential communication skills
Definition
to communicate effectively, we must produce clear verbal messages and recognize when messages we receive are unclear so we can ask for more information.
Term
Speech registers
Definition
language adaptations to social expectations.
Term
Metalinguistic awareness
Definition
the ability to think about language as a system.
Term
Code switching
Definition
producing an utterance in one language that contains one or more "guest" words from another language.
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