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Chapter 9
Dr. Radhika Reddy
75
Biology
Undergraduate 2
10/23/2013

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Term
Explain how cellular respiration produces ATP from molecules with high potential energy such as glucose.
Definition
In cells glucose is oxidized through a long series of controlled strps; its energy is then harness to fuel the synthesis of ATP
Term
What are the four components of cellular respiration?
Definition
Glycolysis
Pyruvate processing
Citric Acid Cycle
Electron transport and chemiosmosis
Term
Describe Glycolysis
Definition
One molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate, two ATP are produced, and NAD+ is reduced to NADH
Term
Describe pyruvate processing
Definition
pyruvate is processed to form acetyl CoA., during which another NADH is produced.
Term
Describe the Citric Acid Cycle
Definition
Acetyl CoA is oxidized to two CO2 molecules. during this cycle, more ATP and NADH is produced.
Term
Describe electron transport and chemiosmosis.
Definition
Electrons from NADH and FADH2 move through a series of proteins called the electron transport chain. The potential enery released druing these reactions is used to create a proton gradient, which is used to make ATP.
Term
Explain how cellular respiration and fermentation are regulated.
Definition
1)Catabolic pathways break down carbs, fats, and proteins.
2)Catabolic intermediates are used in anabolic pathways (ex: if ATP is abundant, pyruvate and lactate can be used to synthesize glucose)
3) Regulating these reactions creates homeostasis.
Term
Describe how fermentation operates in the absence of the electron transport chain.
Definition
NADH inhibits conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA. Then pyruvate builds to a substrate for enzymes of fermentation. These enzyes use NADH to produce pyruvate, producing NAD+ that can be used for glycolysis.
Term
What catabolic intermediates are used in anabolic pathways?
Definition
1) amino acids synthesized from molecules made in citric acid cycle
2)Acetyl CoA is the start of fatty-acid synthesis
3)In glycolysis intermediates can be used to make nucleotides
4)Pyruvate and lactate can synthesize glucose
Term
For each glucose molecule processed in glycolysis, what are the net yields?
Definition
2 NADH
2 ATP
2 pyruvate
Term
Glucose is used to make ATP through?
Definition
Cellular respiration and fermentation
Term
What kind of energy does glucose have?
Definition
High Potential Energy
Term
In a nutshell, describe the reactions involved in cellular respiration.
Definition
Carbon atoms of glucose are oxidized to form carbon dioxide
Oxygen atoms in oxygen are reduced to form water

Glucose is oxidized through
- A long series of carefully controlled redox reactions
The resulting change in free energy is used to
Synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi
Term
Cellular respiration is:
Definition
Any set of reactions that produces ATP
In an electron transport chain
Term
Where does Glucose come from?
Definition
Anabolic pathways
Catabolic pathways
Term
In what order do cells use the 3 macronutrients to produce ATP?
Definition
1-Carbohydrates
2-Fats
3-Protein
Term
How are proteins processed into fuel for cells?
Definition
enzymes remove the amino groups. carbon compounds are left that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
Term
enzymes break down fats to form what?
Definition
Glycerol
Acetyl CoA
to remove the amino groups from proteins
Term
Molecules found in carbohydrate metabolism are used to synthesize what macromolecules?
Definition
RNA
DNA
Glycogen or starch
Amino acids
Fatty acids
And other cell components
Term
About have the required amino About half the required amino acids can be synthesized from?
Definition
citric acid cycle molecules
Term
Acetyl CoA is the starting point in the synthesis of?
Definition
fatty acids
Term
Fatty acids can be used to build?
Definition
phospholipid membranes or fats
Term
Intermediates in glycolysis can be oxidized to start the synthesis of the sugars in?
Definition
ribo- and deoxyribonucleotides
Term
Pyruvate and lactate can be used in the synthesis of?
Definition
glucose
Term
how many chemical reactions are in glycosis?
Definition
10
Term
Where are the enzymes needed for glycolysis found?
Definition
in the cytosol
Term
In glycolysis Glucose is broken down into?
Definition
two molecules of pyruvate
Term
The potential energy released from glycolysis is used to?
Definition
transform ADP to ATP
Term
What are the two phases of glycolysis?
Definition
Energy investment phase
Energy payoff phase
Term
What happens in the energy investment phase?
Definition
2 molecules of ATP are consumed
Glucose is phosphorylated twice
Forming fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Term
What happens in the energy payoff phase of glycolysis?
Definition
Sugar is split to form two pyruvate molecules
2 molecules of NAD+ are reduced to NADH
4 molecules of ATP are formed by substrate-level phosphorylation (net gain of 2 ATP)
Term
Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs when
Definition
Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs when
Term
feedback inhibition occurs when?
Definition
When an enzyme in a pathway is inhibited by the product of that pathway
Term
When are cells able to stop glycolytic reactions
Definition
when ATP is abundant
Term
Cells can conserve their stores of glucose for?
Definition
Times when ATP is scarce.
Term
During glycolysis, high levels of ATP inhibit what enzyme?
Definition
phosphofructokinase
Term
What does phosphofructokinase do?
Definition
This enzyme catalyzes one of the early reactions in ATP production
Term
Pyruvate produced during glycolysis is
Transported from where to where?
Definition
cytosol into the mitochondria
Term
How many membranes do mitochondria have and what are their names?
Definition
2
inner and outer
Term
What are cristae?
Definition
Are layers of sac-like structures
Fill the interior of the mitochondria
Are connected to the inner membrane by short tubes
Term
The mitochondrial matrix is located where?
Definition
inside the inner membrane
But outside the cristae
Term
Pyruvate processing is which step in glucose oxidation?
Definition
second
Term
What is pyruvate processing catalyzed by?
Definition
the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase
Term
Where does pyruvate processing take place?
Definition
mitochondrial matrix
Term
In the presence of O2 pyruvate goes under a series of reactions to create what
Definition
acetyl CoA
Term
How is pyruvate processing regulated?
Definition
Abundant ATP inhibits enzymes
low amounts of supplies increases enzymes
Term
What is the third step of glucose oxidation?
Definition
the citric acid cycle
Term
What molecule from the pyruvate processing is used in the citric acid cycle?
Definition
Acetyl CoA
Term
Where does the citric acid cycle occur?
Definition
mitochondrial matrix
Term
Each acetyl CoA is oxidized to make?
Definition
two CO2
Term
What 3 things is the potential energy used for in the citric acid cycle?
Definition
Reduce Nad+ to NADH
Reduce FAD to FADH2
Phosphorilate GDP to form GTP
Term
What type of molecules are oxidized and recycled in the citric acid cycle
Definition
carboxylic acids
Term
In the citric acid cycle what is created from pyruvate and oxaloaceate.
Definition
citrate.
Term
The oxidation of 1 acetyl CoA molecule produces how many of what?
Definition
3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 GTP
Term
The citric acid cycle completes what process?
Definition
glucose oxidation
Term
how is the citric acid cycle regulated
Definition
at any point through feedback inhibition
Term
in eukaryotes glycolysis occurs where?
Definition
in the cytosol
Term
every glucose molecule oxidized yields?
Definition
6CO2
10 molecules NADH
2 molecules FADH2
4 molecules ATP
Term
What is the fourth step of cellular respiration?
Definition
Electron transport chain
Term
What happens to the potential energy of NADH and FADH2 in the electron transport chain?
Definition
Potential energy is decreased
Term
The electron transport chain is a series of what type of reactions?
Definition
Protein involved redox reactions
Term
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
Definition
O2
Term
In the electron transport chain the transfer to oxygen forms?
Definition
Water
Term
Energy released as electrons moved through the Electron transport chain are used to do what?
Definition
pump protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane into the intermembrane space
Term
Electron transport proteins are identified by
Definition
I-IV
Term
Which protein complexes pump protons in the electron transport chain?
Definition
I and IV
Term
What is responsible for transferring electrons between complexes?
Definition
cytochrome C and Q
Term
What is oxidative phosphorilation?
Definition
Protons move through the enzyme ATP synthase
Driving the production of ATP from ADP and Pi
Term
the vast majority of payoff in glucose oxidation is via?
Definition
oxidative phosphorilation
Term
Who uses aerobic respiration?
Definition
all eukaryotes and many prokaryotes
Term
who uses anaerobic respiration?
Definition
some prokaryotes
Term
Why is oxygen the most effective electron receptor?
Definition
it is highly electronegative
Term
What does fermentation do?
Definition
creates Nad+ from NADH glycolysis can produce atp in the absence of oxygen
Term
is firmentation efficient?
Definition
no
Term
In firmentation how many ATP per glucose can be made>
Definition
2
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