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Chapter 9 Vocab
Chapter 9: Cognition, Language, Creativity and Intelligence; Vocabulary
56
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
12/04/2011

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Term
cognition
Definition
the process of thinking of mentally processing information (images, concepts, words, rules, and symbols).
Term
image
Definition
a mental representation that has picture like qualities; an icon.
Term
concept
Definition
a generalized idea representing a category of related objects or events.
Term
language
Definition
words or symbols, and rules for combining them, that are used for thinking and communication.
Term
concept formation
Definition
the process of classifying information into meaningful categories.
Term
conjunctive concept
Definition
a class of objects that have two or more features in common
Term
relational concept
Definition
concept defined by the relationship between features of an object or between an object and its surroundings.
Term
disjunctive concept
Definition
concept defined by the presence of at least one of several possible features.
Term
prototype
Definition
an ideal model used as a prime example of a particular concept
Term
denotative meaning
Definition
the exact dictionary definition of a word of concept; its objective meaning.
Term
connotative meaning
Definition
the subjective, personal or emotional meaning of a word or concept.
Term
phonemes
Definition
the basic speech sounds of a language.
Term
morphemes
Definition
the smallest meaningful units in a language, such as syllables or words.
Term
grammar
Definition
a set of rules for combining language units into meaningful speech or writing.
Term
syntax
Definition
rules for ordering words when forming sentences.
Term
transformation rules
Definition
rules by which a simple declarative sentence may be changed to other voices or forms (past tense, passive voice, etc).
Term
mechanical solution
Definition
a problem solution achieved by trial and error or by a fixed procedure based on learned rules.
Term
algorithm
Definition
a learned set of rules that always leads to the correct solution of a problem.
Term
understanding (in problem solving)
Definition
a deeper comprehension of the nature of the problem
Term
general solution
Definition
a solution that correctly states the requirements for success but not in enough detail for further action.
Term
functional solution
Definition
a detailed, practical and workable solution
Term
random search strategy
Definition
trying possible solutions to a problem in a more or less random order
Term
heuristic
Definition
any strategy or technique that aids problem solving, especially by limiting the number of possible solutions to be tried.
Term
insight
Definition
a sudden mental reorganization of a problem that makes the solution obvious.
Term
fixation
Definition
the tendency to repeat wrong solutions or faulty responses, especially as a result of becoming blind to alternatives.
Term
functional fixedness
Definition
a rigidity in problem solving caused by an inability to see new uses for familiar objects
Term
inductive thought
Definition
thinking in which a general rule or principle is gathered from a series of specific examples; for instance, inferring the laws of gravity by observing many falling objects.
Term
deductive thought
Definition
thought that applies a general set of rules to specific situations; for example, using the laws of gravity to predict the behavior of a single falling object.
Term
logical though
Definition
drawing conclusions on the basis of formal principles of reasoning
Term
illogical thought
Definition
thought that is intuitive, haphazard, or irrational
Term
fluency
Definition
in tests of creativity, fluency refers to the total number of solutions produced
Term
flexibility
Definition
in tests of creativity, flexibility is indicated by the number of different types of solutions produced.
Term
originality
Definition
in tests of creativity, originality refers to how novel or unusual situations are.
Term
convergent thinking
Definition
thinking directed toward discovery of a single established correct answer; conventional thinking.
Term
divergent thinking
Definition
thinking that produces many ideas or alternatives; a major element in original or creative thought.
Term
intuition
Definition
quick, impulsive thought that does not make use of formal logic or clear reasoning.
Term
representativeness heuristic
Definition
a tendency to select wrong answers because they seem to match preexisting mental categories.
Term
base rate
Definition
the basic rate at which an event occurs over time; the basic probability of an event.
Term
framing
Definition
in thought, the terms in which a problem is stated or the way that it is structured.
Term
intelligence
Definition
an overall capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with one's environment.
Term
g-factor
Definition
a general ability factor or core of general intellectual ability that involves reasoning, problem solving ability, knowledge, memory, and successful adaptation to one's surroundings.
Term
mental age
Definition
the average mental ability that people display at a given age.
Term
chronological age
Definition
a person's age in years.
Term
intelligence quotient (IQ)
Definition
an index of intelligence defined as a person's mental age divided by his or her chronological age and multiplied by 100
Term
deviation IQ
Definition
an IQ obtained statistically from a person's relative standing in his or her age group; that is, how far above or below average the person's score was relative to other scores.
Term
performance intelligence
Definition
intelligence measured by solving puzzles, assembling objects, completing pictures and other nonverbal tasks.
Term
verbal intelligence
Definition
intelligence measured by asking questions involving vocabulary, general information, arithmetic, and other language or symbol oriented tasks.
Term
individual intelligence test
Definition
a test of intelligence designed to be given to a single individual by a trained specialist
Term
group intelligence test
Definition
intelligence test that can be administered to a group of people with minimal supervision.
Term
normal curve
Definition
a bell shaped curve characterized by a large number of scores in a middle area, tapering to a very few extremely high and low scores.
Term
giftedness
Definition
the possession of a very high IQ or special talents and aptitudes
Term
intellectual disability
Definition
the presence of a developmental disability, a formal IQ score below 70, or a significant impairment of adaptive behavior.
Term
multiple intelligences
Definition
howard gardner's theory that there are several specialized types of intellectual ability.
Term
artificial intelligence (AI)
Definition
an artificial system (usually a computer program) that is capable of human-like problem solving or intelligent responding.
Term
twin study
Definition
a comparison of the characteristics of twins who were raised together or separated at birth; used to identify the relative impact of heredity and environment.
Term
culture-fair test
Definition
a test (such as an IQ test) designed to minimize the importance of skills and knowledge that may be more common in some cultures than in others.
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