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Chapter 9 Vocab
Biology II AP
24
Biology
11th Grade
11/13/2008

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Term
Fermentation
Definition
A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.
Term
Cellular Respiration
Definition
The most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel.
Term
Redox Reaction
Definition
A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction.
Term
Oxidation
Definition
The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction.
Term
Reduction
Definition
The addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction.
Term
Reducing Agent
Definition
The electron donor in a redox reaction.
Term
Oxidizing Agent
Definition
The electron acceptor in a redox reaction.
Term
NAD+
Definition
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in all cells that helps enzymes transfer electrons during the redox reactions of metabolism.
Term
Electron Transport Chain
Definition
A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.
Term
Glycolysis
Definition
The splitting of glucose into pyruvate. Glycolysis is the one metabolic pathway that occurs in all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or aerobic respiration.
Term
Citric Acid Cycle
Definition
A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion; the second major stage in cellular respiration.
Term
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Definition
The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain.
Term
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
Definition
The formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.
Term
Acetyl CoA
Definition
Acetyl coenzyme A; the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme.
Term
Cytochrome
Definition
An iron-containing protein, a component of electron transport chains in mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Term
ATP Synthase
Definition
A cluster of several membrane proteins found in the mitochondrial crista (and bacterial plasma membrane) that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP. ATP synthases provide a port through which hydrogen ions diffuse into the matrix of a mitrochondrion.
Term
Chemiosmosis
Definition
An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. Most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis.
Term
Proton-Motive Force
Definition
The potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across biological membranes during chemiosmosis.
Term
Aerobic
Definition
Containing oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that requires oxygen.
Term
Anaerobic
Definition
Lacking oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that lacks oxygen and may be poisoned by it.
Term
Alcohol Fermentation
Definition
The conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol.
Term
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Definition
The conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide.
Term
Facultative Anaerobes
Definition
An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to fermentation under anaerobic conditions.
Term
Beta Oxidation
Definition
A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA.
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