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Chapter 8 vocabd
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Accounting
Pre-School
11/05/2013

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Term
group
Definition
• A set of individuals who interact over time and have shared fate, goals, or identity
Term
what is a low end/ high end group
Definition
low end- low exclusiveness such as a people at work, concert, restaurant ( collectives)
high end- tight knit clubs, things in which you interact a lot with other members and engage in meaningful activities
Term
What happens with newcomers in a group
Definition
they begin socialization into the group either explicitly ( through a ritual or orientation program) or implicitly through simply studying how other members act. It is important that new members learn their roles and the norms of the group
Term
role
Definition
• Roles- set of expected behaviors ,can be formal or informal
- Formal roles are devised by titles
- Informational roles
□ Instrumental- help the group achieve a task
□ Expressive - provide emotional support and maintain morale
Term
why do new/old members vary on their views of deviation
Definition
new members want to prove their worth and establish position by harshly punishing deviants. Old members may change their viewpoints on deviation if it helps prevent group injury.
Term
group cohesiveness
Definition
the extent to which forces push group members closer together through feelings of intimacy, unity and group commitment
Term
what are the 2 other types of cohesion
Definition
task cohesion- primarily about the group's attraction to the task
interpersonal cohesion- primarily about the group's attraction to each other
Term
Social facilitation
Definition
a process wherevy the presence of others enhances performance on an easy task and impairs performance of a difficult task
Term
The Zajanc Solution
Definition
1. the presence of others creates physiological arousal which energizes behavior.
2. increased arousal enhances performance of dominant responses
3. the quality of an individual's performance varies according to the type of task. On easy tasks the dominant response is usually correct, on a harder task this usually is not correct
Term
dominant responses
Definition
the reactions most easily elicited by a given stimulus
Term
evaluation apprehension theory
Definition
theory that the presenc of others will produce social facilitation effects only when they are seen as potential evaluators
Term
distraction conflict thoery
Definition
theory that the presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others distract from the task and create attentional conflict.
Term
Social Loafing
Definition
Bib Latane (79') a group produces reduction in individual output on tasks where contributions are pooled
Term
Aggarwal and O'brien ('08)factors which limit social loafing
Definition
- limit the scope of the task ( break it into chunks
- keep groups small
- use peer evaluations
Term
collective effort model
Definition
theory that individuals will exert effort on a collective task to the degree that they think their individual efforts will be important, relevant, or produced desired outcomes ( Karu & Williams '01)
Term
deindividuation
Definition
the loss of the sense of individuality and the reduction of normal constraints against deviant behavior
Term
What factors create deindividuation ( Zimbardo '69)
Definition
arousal, anonymity, reduced feelings of responsibility
Term
Dunn & Rogers ( '82 '83) environmental cues of deindividuation
Definition
1. accountibility cues
- when something in the environment is affecting cost/ reward calculations i.e there is perceived low accountibility
2. Attentional cues
- when your focus is shifted away from you, you disregard internal standards of conduct, act on impulses, and are less sensitive to the long term consequences of behavior
Term
Social identity model of deindividuation effects ( SIDE)
Definition
model of group behavior that explains deindividuation effects as the result of a shift from personal identity to social identity
Term
process loss
Definition
the reduction of group performance due to obstacles created by group processes.
Term
what are the 3 types of task that derail performance
Definition
1. additive task
- the product is the sum of all members' contributions
2. conjunctive task
- the product is determined by the performance of the individual with the poorest performance ( tends to be worst)
3. disjunctive task
- product based on the performance of the best member ( unless a solution is simple and easy groups won't use it and thus they underperform compared to best member)
Term
What methods help perserve productivity and amusement in group brainstorming (2)
Definition
1. being motivated for collective group success 2. being motivated to exert effort to achieve a good understanding of the group task or problem at hand.
Term
group polarization
Definition
the exaggeration of initial tendencies in the thinking of group members through group discussion
Term
persuasive argument theory of group polarization
Definition
the more persuasive arguments a group is exposed to, the more extreme their attitudes become
Term
social comparison theory of group polarization
Definition
individuals develop their view of social reality based on others. they typically note which direction the group is leaning and then act even more extreme to get approval
Term
Groupthink
Definition
A group decision making style characterized by an excessive tendency among group members to seek concurrence
Term
factors which contribute to groupthink ( 3)
Definition
1. highly cohesive groups are more likely to reject deviant behavior and thus are subject to groupthink 2. group structure. groups of people of similar backgrounds, isolated from others, with a strong leader and no procedure for reviewing decisions are subject to groupthink 2. stressful situation can provoke groupthink. urgency overrules accuracy in these situations as members seek approval
Term
how to prevent groupthink
Definition
1. outside consultation
2. leaders should encourage criticism and be lax in group decisions
3. subgroups should discuss current issue with one member being devil's advocate in each group
4. a reminder individual is useful for reminding people of the dangers of biased thought and making each member feel responsible for the group's final decision.
Term
escalation effects
Definition
• The condition in which commitments to a failing course of action are increased to justify investments already made
Term
biased sampling
Definition
• Biased sampling- the tendency for grousp to spend moretime discussing shared information than unshared information ( info known by only a few members)
Term
settings under which biased sampling is hindered
Definition
1. leader encouragement of group participation
2. leader establishes trust
3. leaders are helpful in shaping each members understanding of their task
Term
Transactive memory
Definition
a shared system for remembering information that enable multiple people to remember information together more efficiently than they could do so alone
key elements
1. division of knowledge
2. trust in each other's specialized knowledge
3. coordination of efforts
Term
group support systems
Definition
specialized interactive computer programs that are used to guide group meeting collaborative work and decision making processes
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