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Chapter 8
Chapter 8
53
Physiology
Undergraduate 3
04/21/2010

Additional Physiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
action potential
Definition
ap, spike, nerve impulse, conduction signal
Term
Autonomic nervous system
Definition
visceral nervous system
Term

Axon
Definition
Nerve fiber
Term
axon terminal
Definition
presynaptic terminal
Term
cell body
Definition
cell soma, nerve cell body
Term
glial cell
Definition
neuroglia, glia
Term
Interneuron
Definition
association neuron, lie entirely within the CNS
Term
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
nissl substance, nissl body
Term
Sensory neuron
Definition
afferent neuron, a nerve that passes impulses from receptors toward or to the central nervous system
Term
central nervous system
Definition

consists of brain and spinal cord

 

Term
Peripheral nervous system
Definition
consists of sensory neurons and efferent neuron: a nerve that conveys impulses toward or to muscles or glands
Term
somatic motor division
Definition
Efferent branch of nervous system that controls skeletal muscles
Term
autonomic division
Definition
controls cardiac and smooth muscle. Also, exocrine and endocrine glands
Term
Parasympathetic Branch
Definition
Division of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for day-to-day activities
Term
Sympathetic Branch
Definition
Its general action is to mobilize the body's resources under stress; to induce the flight-or-fight response. It is, however, constantly active at a basal level in order to maintain homeostasis
Term
enteric nervous system
Definition
Neurons in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract that are capable of sensing and integrating information and carrying out a response without input from the CNS
Term
dendrite
Definition
Thin, branched processes that receive and transfer incoming information to an integrating region within the neuron
Term
axon
Definition
An extension of a neuron that carries signals to the target cell
Term
Neuron Classification (By Form)
Definition
  1. pseudounipolar: axon and dendrites fuse to make one long process
  2. bipolar: single axon, single dendrite
  3. multipolar: multiple axons and dendrites
  4. axonomic: lacking axon
Term
synapse
Definition
Region where a neuron meets its target cell
Term
Varicosities
Definition
store and release neurotrnasmitter
Term
Nerves
Definition
can carry afferent signals (sensory), efferent signals (motor), or both (mixed nerves)
Term
dendritic spine
Definition

Projections of the dendrite membrane that increase surface area
Term
axon hillock
Definition

Region of the axon where it joins the cell body. Often contains the trigger zone
Term
axon terminal
Definition
The distal end of a neuron where neurotransmitter is released into a synapse. Contains mitochondria and membrane bound vesicles filled with neurocine molecules.
Term
presynaptic cell
Definition
The cell releasing neurotransmitter into a chemical synapse
Term
postsynaptic cell
Definition

The target cell at a synapse
Term
synaptic cleft
Definition
The space between the pre- and post-synaptic cells
Term
Schwann cell
Definition
only in pns, form myelin for insulation. one scwann cell per axon. One axon can have several schwann cells
Term
Satellite cell
Definition
PNS only. non myelinating. provide support in the ganglia.
Term
Oligodendrocyte
Definition
CNS only form myelin/ insulate signal
Term
Astrocyte
Definition

CNS only. Highly branched. Take up and release chemicals at the synapse.

 

Provide substrates for ATP production, maintain homeostasis by taking up water and K+, provide blood brain barrier.

Term
Microglia
Definition
specialized immune cells that reside permanently in the CNS. Can release reactive oxygen species in response to infection which can contribute to neurodegenerative diease such as ALS (lou Gherig's disease)
Term
ependymal cells
Definition
CNS only. create selectively permeable epithelial layer called the ependyma. It is a source of Adult stem cells.
Term
Conductance
Definition
the ease with which ions flow through a channel
Term
threshold voltage
Definition
Minimum depolarization required to initiate an action potential
Term
graded potential
Definition

A change in membrane potential whose magnitude is proportional to the stimulus and that decreases with distance as it spreads through the cytoplasm
Term
action potential
Definition

Rapid and uniform electrical signal conducted down an axon to the axon terminal or along the membrane of a muscle fiber
Term
inactivation gate
Definition
The slow gate of the Na^+ channel that closes to stop ion flow
Term
relative refractory period
Definition
A period of time immediately following an action potential during which a higher-than-normal graded potential  is required to start another action potential 
Term
electrical synapse
Definition
Synapse where electrical signals pass directly from cell to cell through gap junctions
Term

chemical synapse

Definition
Synapse that uses neurotransmitters to pass information to the target cell
Term
acetylcholine (ACh)
Definition
Neurotransmitter used by neurons of the central and peripheral nervous  system
Term
cholinergic
Definition
Neurons that secret ACh and receptors the bind ACh
Term
Amines
Definition
Dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine.
Term
Amino acids
Definition
  • Glutomate
    • Excitatory in CNS
Term
Ionotropic receptors
Definition
alter ion channel function
Term
Metabotropic Receptors
Definition
receptors that work through second messenger systems
Term
divergence
Definition
A few presynaptic neurons branch to affect a larger number of postsynaptic neurons
Term
convergence
Definition
A number of presynaptic neurons provide input to a smaller number of postsynaptic neurons
Term
spatial summation
Definition
Summation of graded potentials from several nearly simulataneous sources
Term
postsynaptic integration
Definition
Multiple signals in a postsynaptic cell combine to create a single integrated signal. If one is excitatory and the other inhibitory they cancel each other out.
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