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Chapter 7: Learing
Definitions
37
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/23/2011

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Term
Learning
Definition
relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior due to experience. 
Term
Conditioning
Definition
the ability to connect stimuli with responses.
Term
Classical conditioning
Definition
learning that occurs when a neutral stimlui becomes associated with a stimulus that naturally produces a behavior 
Term
Unconditioned Stimulus
Definition
something that naturally triggers a response
Term
Unconditioned response
Definition
the naturally occuring response that follows the unconditioned stimulus. 
Term
Conditioned stimulus
Definition
a neutral stimulus that after being repeatedly presented prior to the unconditioned stimulus begins to evoke a similar response as the unconditioned stimulus.
Term
Conditioned Response
Definition
an acquired response to the formerly neutral stimulus 
Term
Extinction
Definition
the reduction in responding that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus
Term
Spontaneous Recovery
Definition
the increase in responding to the conditioned stimulus after a pause that follows extinction 
Term
Generalization
Definition
the tendency to respond to stimuli that resemble the original conditioned stimulus
Term
Discrimination
Definition
the tendency to respond differently to stimuli that are similar, but not identical
Term
Second-order Conditioning
Definition
conditioning that occurs when an existing conditioned stimulus serves as an unconditioned stimulus for a new conditioned stimulus. 
Term
Phobia
Definition
a strong and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation. 
Term
Operant Conditioning 
Definition
learning that occurs based on the consequences of behavior. 
Term
Law of Effect
Definition
responses that create a typically pleasent outcome in a situation are more likely to happen again in a similar situation, whereas responses that produce an unpleasant outcome are less likely to occur again in the situation. 
Term
Skinner Box (operant chamber)
Definition
s structure used to study operant learning in small animals 
Term
Reinforcer 
Definition
any event that strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behavior
Term
Punisher
Definition
any event that weakens or decreases the likelihood of a behavior.
Term
Positive Reinforcement
Definition
the strengthening of a response by presenting a typically pleasurable stimulus after the response
Term
Negative Reinforcement
Definition
the strengthening of a response by removing a typically unpleasant stimulus after the response. 
Term
Positive Punishment
Definition
the weakening of a response by presenting a typically unpleasant stimulus after the response
Term
Negative Punishment 
Definition
the weakening of a response by removing a typically pleasant stimulus after the response
Term
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Definition
a reinforcement schedule in which the desired response is sometimes reinforced everytime it occurs 
Term
Partial reinforcement schedule 
Definition

a reinforcement schedule in which the desired response is sometimes reinforced and sometimes not

Term
Fixed interval schedule
Definition
behavior is reinforced for the first response after a specific amount of time has passed
Term
Variable interval schedule 
Definition
behavior is reinforced for the first response after an average, but unpredictable, amount of time has passed 
Term
variable ratio
Definition
behavior is reinforced after an average, but unpredictable, number of responses 
Term
fixed ratio
Definition
behavior is reinforced after a specific number of responses 
Term
shaping
Definition
the process of guiding an organisms behavior to the desired outcome through the use of successive approximation to a final desired behavior
Term
primary reinforcer
Definition
stimuli that are naturally preferred or enjoyed by the organism, such as food, water, and relief from pain. 
Term
secondary reinforcer 
Definition
neutral events that have become associated with a primary reinforcer through classical conditioning
Term
insight
Definition
the sudden understanding of a solution to a problem
Term
latent learning 
Definition
learning that is not reinforced and not demonstrated until there is motivation to do so
Term
observational learning (modeling)
Definition
learning by observing the behavior of others
Term
Social Dilemma
Definition
a situation in which the behavior that creates the most rewards for the individual may in the long term lead to negative consequences for the group as a whole
Term
Prisoner's dilemma game
Definition
a social dilemma in which the goals of the individual compete with the goals of the other individual 
Term
Classical conditioning was first studied by _____
Definition
Ivan Pavlov
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