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Chapter 7
Vocabulary required by my teacher for Chapter 7 in the Campbell Biology Book
56
Biology
11th Grade
04/03/2012

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Term
actin
Definition
A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells.
Term
basal body
Definition
A eukaryotic cell organelle consisting of a 9 + 0 arrangement of microtubule triplets; may organize the microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum; structurally identical to a centriole.
Term
cell wall
Definition
A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists. In plant cells, the wall is formed of cellulose fibers embedded in a polysaccharide-protein matrix. The primary cell wall is thin and flexible, whereas the secondary cell wall is stronger and more rigid and is the primary constituent of wood.
Term
central vacuole
Definition
A membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development.
Term
centriole
Definition
A structure in an animal cell composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9 + 0 pattern. An animal cell usually has a pair of centrioles involved in cell division.
Term
centrosome
Definition
Material present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells, important during cell division; the microtubule-organizing center.
Term
chloroplast
Definition
An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.
Term
chromatin
Definition
The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope.
Term
chromosome
Definition
A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins. See chromatin.
Term
cilia
Definition
A short cellular appendage specialized for locomotion, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane.
Term
collagen
Definition
A glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone; the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom.
Term
contractile vacuole
Definition
A membranous sac that helps move excess water out of the cell.
Term
crista(plural, cristae)
Definition
An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
The entire contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus, and bounded by the plasma membrane.
Term
cytoplasmic streaming
Definition
A circular flow of cytoplasm, involving myosin and actin filaments, that speeds the distribution of materials within cells.
Term
cytoskeleton
Definition
A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical and transport functions.
Term
cytosol
Definition
The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm.
Term
desmosome
Definition
A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that functions as an anchor.
Term
dynein
Definition
A large contractile protein forming the side-arms of microtubule doublets in cilia and flagella.
Term
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Definition
An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions.
Term
extracellular matrix (ECM)
Definition
The substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consisting of protein and polysaccharides.
Term
fibronectin
Definition
A glycoprotein that helps cells attach to the extracellular matrix.
Term
flagellum
Definition
A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion. The flagella of prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in both structure and function.
Term
food vacuole
Definition
A membranous sac formed by phagocytosis.
Term
gap junction
Definition
A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that allows the passage of material or current between cells.
Term
glycoprotein
Definition
A protein covalently attached to a carbohydrate.
Term
Golgi apparatus
Definition
An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum.
Term
granum
Definition
A stacked portion of the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions of photosynthesis.
Term
integrin
Definition
A receptor protein built into the plasma membrane that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton.
Term
intermediate filament
Definition
A component of the cytoskeleton that includes all filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments.
Term
lysosome
Definition
A membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Term
microfilament
Definition
A solid rod of actin protein in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction.
Term
microtubule
Definition
A hollow rod of tubulin protein in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and in cilia, flagella, and the cytoskeleton.
Term
middle lamella
Definition
A thin layer of adhesive extracellular material, primarily pectins, found between the primary walls of adjacent young plant cells.
Term
mitochondrial matrix
Definition
The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle.
Term
mitochondrion
Definition
An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration.
Term
myosin
Definition
A type of protein filament that interacts with actin filaments to cause cell contraction.
Term
nuclear lamina
Definition
A netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus.
Term
nucleolus
Definition
A specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes.
Term
nucleus
Definition
The chromosome-containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell.
Term
organelle
Definition
One of several formed bodies with specialized functions, suspended in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Term
peroxisome
Definition
A microbody containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide.
Term
plasma membrane
Definition
The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell’s chemical composition.
Term
plasmodesma
Definition
An open channel in the cell wall of plant through which strands of cytosol connect from an adjacent cell.
Term
plastid
Definition
One of a family of closely related plant organelles that includes chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts (leucoplasts).
Term
primary cell wall
Definition
A relatively thin and flexible layer first secreted by a young plant cell.
Term
prokaryotic cell
Definition
A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.
Term
proteoglycan
Definition
A glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells, rich in carbohydrate.
Term
pseudopodium
Definition
A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding.
Term
ribosome
Definition
A cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules, which make up two subunits.
Term
secondary cell wall
Definition
A strong and durable matrix often deposited in several laminated layers for plant cell protection and support.
Term
stroma
Definition
The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.
Term
thylakoid
Definition
A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy.
Term
tight junction
Definition
A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that prevents the leakage of material between cells.
Term
tonoplast
Definition
A membrane that encloses the central vacuole in a plant cell, separating the cytosol from the vacuolar contents, called cell sap; also known as the vacuolar membrane.
Term
vesicle
Definition
A sac made of membrane inside of cells.
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