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Chapter 7
Hi. This is chapter 7. Bye.
17
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
09/28/2009

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Term
What is the stimulus for smell?
Definition
Molecules in the air that dissolve in the mucous fluid of the olfactory epithelium
Term
What is the pathway for an olfactory signal?

What determines how the brain perceives the signals?
Definition
olfactory epithelium=>neurons=>olfactory bulb of the brain=>glomeruli

The ratio of various specific glomeruli signaled determines the type of smell, the total number of signaled glomeruli determines the intensity
Term
What is the nasal pharynx?
Definition
Connects the mouth and nose, allowing the smell of food flavors
Term
How is smell used in mice to determine mate compatibility? What specialized chemical is used in this process?
Definition
Mice detect various pheremone smells that denote certain histocompatability cells. They try to find mates with the most immunodiversity as possible
Term
What is the purpose of taste, and what taste receptors are there?
Definition
to determine if food is good or bad. There are sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and "delicious" taste buds
Term
How are pain neurons different from normal neurons?

What is the difference between the two types of pain fibers?
Definition
Pain neurons are smaller, their terminals are free endings that are not encased in capsules

C fibers-thin, unmyelinated; long-lasting pain
A delta fibers-thick, myelinated; sharp+localized pain
Term
What are the sensory, promary emotional and motivational, and secondary emotional and motivational components of pain?
Definition
sensory (somatosensory cortex)-perceives pain and describes it

primary- (cingulate cortex cortex and insular cortex) acts on the pain stimulus

secondary (prefrontal lobe)-worries about future pain
Term
What is the gate theory of pain and by whom was it suggested?
Definition
Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall-explains variability of pain levels for a single stimulus. Intensity depends on how well inputs pass through pain gates to reach higher pain centers
Term
What is the periaqueductal grey, and how do drugs, hormones, stress, and placebos affect it?
Definition
A part of the brain that sends neurons to the lower brain stem and spinal cord; inhibits pain (the act of reducing pain is analgesia)

All induce the PAG to send signals
Term
how are amplitude and frequency translated by the brain into specific sound qualities?
Definition
Amplitude=>volume
frequency=>pitch
Term
What parts make up the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear/cochlea?
Definition
outer: pinna (cartilage of visible part), tympanic membrane (eardrum)

middle: hammer, anvil, stirrup, together the ossicles. Translates vibrations of eardrum to cochlear fluids

inner/cochlea: outer duct=>inner duct=>basilar membrane=>hair cells=>neurons
Term
What are conduction deafness and sensorineural deafness, and how can each be remedied?
Definition
conduction: ossicles are too stiff to translate info from tympanic membrane. Fixed by a conventional hearing aid

sensorineural: damage to cochlea, hair cells, or auditory nerves. Fixed by cochlear immplants that receive sound signals and translate them directly to the brain
Term
What did Bekesy determine about the positions of hairs on the cochlea?
Definition
beginning/proximal hairs receive inputs for high frequencies, while end/distal hairs receive inputs for low frequencies
Term
What is auditory masking?
Definition
Sounds of different frequencies can prevent each other from being heard. Lower frequencies tend to obscure higher frequencies (lower travels over the entire cochlea, while high only reach the beginning)
Term
How do we localize sound based on signals?
Definition
The slight difference in arrival times of sound to each ear trigger certain neurons; some neurons are specific to certain orientations
Term
What is Psychophysics?
Definition
The study of relationships between stimuli and their effects?
Term
What are:
1. absolute threshold
2.difference threshould/JND
3. Weber's law
4. Fetchner's law
5. Steven's power law
Definition
1. weakest stimulus noticeable
2. lowest difference in magnitude of stimuli that is noticeable
3. jnd is a constant proportion of the differing magnitudes (1-2 and 50-100)
4. magnitude of sensory experiences is proportional to the log of the value of the stimulus
5. counter to Fetchner, it's proportional to the power of the stimulus
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