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Chapter 7
micro chapter 7
53
Microbiology
Undergraduate 1
02/02/2011

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Term
sepsis
Definition
microbial contamination
Term
asepsis
Definition
the absence of significant contamination
Term
sterilization
Definition
removing of all microbial life
Term
commercial sterilization
Definition
killing C. botulinum endospores
Term
disinfection
Definition
removing pathogens
Term
antisepsis
Definition
removing pathogens from living tissue
Term
degerming
Definition
removing microbes from a limited area
Term
santization
Definition
lowering microbial counts on eating utensils
Term
biocide/germicide
Definition
kills microbes
Term
bacteriostasis
Definition
inhibiting, not killing, microbes
Term
effectiveness of treatment
Definition
depends on:
number of microbes, environment (organic matter, temperature, biofilms), time of exposure, microbial charateristics
Term
microbial control agents
Definition
alter membrane permeability, damage proteins, damage nucleic acids
Term
thermal death point
Definition
lowest temperature at which all cells in a culture are killed in 10 min
Term
thermal death time
Definition
time during which all cells in a culture are killed
Term
moist heat sterilization
Definition
moist heat denatures proteins
Term
autoclave
Definition
steam under pressure. steam must contact the items surface for it to be correctly sterilized
Term
pasteurization
Definition
reduces spoilage organisms and pathogens. equivalent treatments: 63 C for 30 min, 72 C for 15 sec, 140 C for <1 sec (thermoduric organisms survive).
Term
dry heat sterilization
Definition
kills by oxidation. dry heat, flaming, incineration, hot air sterilization. equivalent treatments: 170 C, 2 hrs (hot air), 121 C, 15 min (autoclave)
Term
filtration
Definition
HEPA removes microbes >0.3 um. membrane filtration removes microbes >0.22 um
Term
low temperature control
Definition
inhibits microbial growth. refrigeration, deep freezing, lyophilization.
Term
high pressure control
Definition
denatures proteins
Term
desiccation
Definition
prevents metabolism
Term
osmotic pressure
Definition
causes plasmolysis
Term
ionizing radiation
Definition
x rays, gamma rays, electron beams. inonizes water to release OH-. damages DNA
Term
non-ionizing radiation
Definition
UV, 260 nm. damages DNA
Term
microwaves
Definition
kill by heat, not especially antimicrobial
Term
principles of effective disinfection
Definition
concentration of disinfectant, organic matter, pH, time
Term
use-dilution test
Definition
metal rings dipped in test bacteria are dried. dried cultures are placed in disinfectant for 10 min at 20 C. rings are transferred to culture media to determine whether bacteria survived the treatment
Term
disk-diffusion method
Definition
disks of disinfectant are placed on agar plates with bacterial cultures to see the effect it will have in relation to the bacteria
Term
phenol and phenolics
Definition
disrupt plasma membranes
Term
bisphenols
Definition
disrupt plasma membranes (hexacholorphene, triclosan)
Term
biguanides
Definition
disrupt plasma membranes (chlorhexidine)
Term
tinctures
Definition
iodine in aqueous alcohol. alter protein synthesis and membranes
Term
iodophors
Definition
iodine in organic molecules. alter protein synthesis
Term
bleach
Definition
hypochlorous acid (HOCL). oxidizing agent
Term
chloramine
Definition
chlorine+ammonia. oxidizing agent
Term
ethanol, isopropanol
Definition
denature proteins, dissolve lipids. require water
Term
silver nitrate
Definition
used to prevent gonorrheal ophthalmia neonatorum
Term
silver sulfadiazine
Definition
used as a topical cream on burns
Term
copper sulfate
Definition
algicide
Term
oligodynamic action
Definition
denature proteins
Term
soap
Definition
degerming
Term
acid-anionic detergents
Definition
sanitizing
Term
quarternary ammonium compounds (cationic detergents)
Definition
bactericidal, denature proteins, disrupt plasma membranes
Term
organic acids
Definition
inhibit metabolism. sorbic acid,benzoic acid, and calcium propionate. controls molds and bacteria in foods and cosmetics
Term
nitrite
Definition
prevents endospore germination
Term
antibiotics
Definition
nisin and natamycin prevent spoilage of cheese
Term
aldehydes
Definition
inactivate proteins by cross-linking functional groups. used in medical equipment. formaldehyde
Term
gaseous sterilants
Definition
denature proteins. used in heat sensitive material. ethylene oxide
Term
plasma
Definition
free radicals destroy microbes. used in tubular instruments
Term
plasma
Definition
free radicals destroy microbes. used in tubular instruments
Term
supercritical fluids
Definition
CO2 with gaseous and liquid properties. used in medical implants
Term
peroxygens
Definition
oxidizing agents. used on contaminated surfaces. O3, H2O2, peracetic acid.
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