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Chapter 7:Human Memory
AP Psych-Wayne Weiten sixth edition
59
Psychology
12th Grade
10/26/2009

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Cards

Term
rehearsal
Definition
the process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about the information
Term
short term memory (STM)
Definition

is a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds

 

Term
chunk
Definition
group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit
Term
Long term memory (LTM)
Definition
unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time
Term
flashbulb memories
Definition

unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events

(9/11)

-fade over time

Term
clustering
Definition

tendency to remember similar or related items in groups

such as groups of names, animals, vegetables

Term
conceptual hierarchy
Definition

multilevel classification system based on common properties among items

minerals

metals                                                stones

rare common alloys         precious masonry

platinum iron steel          ruby        slate

Term
schema
Definition

organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experiences with the object or event

college students have schemas for professors' offices look like

Term
semantic network
Definition

consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts

thesarus.com

Term
connectionist or parallel distributed processing (PDP)
Definition

models assume that cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks

specific nodes level of activation

Term
tip of the tongue phenomenon
Definition

temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that it's just out of reach

retrieval cue not the same as memory code

Term
retrieval cues
Definition
stimuli that helpgain access to memories
Term
context clue
Definition

facilitate retrieval of information

hypnosis helps this by bringin person to  full context of memory?? (not sure if that's right)

Term
misinformation effect
Definition

reconstructive distortions show up frequently in the eyewitness testimony

3 stages

  • viewing the event
  • exposed to information about the event
  • recall of orgininal information tested
Term
source monitering
Definition
process of making attributions about the origins of memories
Term
source monitering error
Definition
memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source
Term
reality monitering
Definition
refers to process of deciding whether memories are based on external sources (one's perception of actual events) or internal sources (one's thoughts and imagination)
Term
Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve
Definition

graphs retention and forgetting over time

[image]

Term
retention
Definition
refers to the proportion of material retained (remembered)
Term
recall
Definition
measure of retention requires subjects to reproduce information on their onw without any cues
Term
recognition
Definition
measure of retention requires subjects tot select previously learned information from an array of options
Term
relearning
Definition
measure of retention requires a subject to memorize information a second time to determine how much time or how many practice trials are saved by having learned ir before
Term
why we forget
Definition

ineffective encoding

decay

interference

retrieval failure

motivated forgetting

Term
ineffective encoding
Definition
never actually learned material
Term
decay
Definition
forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time
Term
interference
Definition
proposes that people forget information because of competition from other material
Term
retroactive interference
Definition

occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information

old disturbs new ~ Mr. G's PIN number experience

 

Term
proactive interference
Definition
previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information
Term
encoding specificity principle
Definition
states that the value of a retrieval cues depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code
Term
transfer appropriate processing
Definition
occurs when initial processing of the information is similar to the type of processing required by the subsequent measure of retention
Term
encoding
Definition

involves forming a memory code for information

new info into meaning

Term
model of memory (Atkinson &Shiffrin)
Definition

 computer

encoding - enter data through keyboard

storage- saving data in file on hard disk

retrieval- calling up file and displaying on the moniter

Term
role of attention
Definition
involves focusing awareness on a narrow range of stimuli or events
Term
cocktail party phenomenon
Definition

only concentrate on one conversation at a time

hear your name called only 35% percent of the first time it's said

Term
feature extinction
Definition
drawing attention to familiar objects
Term
level of processing
Definition

how information is stored

how much focus

level of processing theory proposes that deeper levels of processing result in longer lasting memory codes

Term
structural
Definition
how it looks on paper
Term
phonemic
Definition
how the information sounds
Term
semantic
Definition
the meaning - objects/actions that the words represent
Term
Elaboration
Definition

linkind a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding

more examples = better recall

Term
visual memory
Definition

create visual images to represent the words to be remembered

some words easier to make images for some than others

Term
self-referent encoding
Definition

involves deciding how or whether information is personally relevant

apply to you personally

Term
storage
Definition
hard drive on a computer
Term
sensory storage
Definition
encooding that preserves information in its original form
Term
capacity of sensory memory
Definition
sensory stimuli--visual, sound, touch
Term
duration of sensory memory
Definition
fraction of a second
Term
sperling's study
Definition
look at + for a while - letters flash then hear a low, high or middle tone and recite the line of letters corresponding with tone
Term
short term memory/ working memory
Definition

limited capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to 20 seconds

capacity: 7 + or - 2

duration: 20 seconds

Term
george miller "magic number"
Definition
7 + or - 2 items for short term memory
Term
working memory
Definition

new version of STM

phonological loop

Executive control

visuospatial sketchpad

episodic buffer

Term
working memory-phonological rehearsal loop
Definition
example is reciting a phone number over and over
Term
visuospatial sketchpad
Definition

permits people to temporarily hold and manipulate visual images

rearrange furniture

Term
executive control (system)
Definition
controls deployment of attention, switching the focus of attention and dividing attention when needed
Term
episodic buffer
Definition
a temporary, limited capacity store that allows the various components of working memory to integrate information and that serves as an interface between working memory and long-term memory
Term
Serial Position Effect----FIND
Definition
remember the beginning and end the best the middle is jumbled
Term
Long term memory
Definition

unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthly periods of time

-skeptical-lose accuracy over time

Term
Flashbulb memories
Definition

unusually detailed and vivd recollections of momentous events

such as 9/11

Term
wilder penfield (ESB) and memory
Definition
electrical stimulation of the Brain
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