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Chapter 6: Blood and the Lymphatic and Immune System
Medical Terminology: A Living Language
215
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06/27/2012

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Term
agglutin/o
Definition
clumping
Term
chrom/o
Definition
color
Term
coagul/o
Definition
clotting
Term
erythr/o
Definition
red
Term
fibrin/o
Definition
fibers, fibrous
Term
granul/o
Definition
granules
Term
hem/o
Definition
blood
Term
hemat/o
Definition
blood
Term
leuk/o
Definition
white
Term
morph/o
Definition
shape
Term
myel/o
Definition
bone marrow
Term
phag/o
Definition
eat, swallow
Term
sanguin/o
Definition
blood
Term
thromb/o
Definition
clot
Term
-apheresis
Definition
removal, carry away
Term
-cyte
Definition
cell
Term
-cytosis
Definition
more than the normal number of cells
Term
-emia
Definition
blood condition
Term
-globin
Definition
protein
Term
-penia
Definition
abnormal decrease, too few
Term
-poiesis
Definition
formation
Term
-stasis
Definition
standing still
Term
fibrinogen
Definition
fiber producing
Term
fibrinolysis
Definition
destruction of fibers
Term
hemoglobin
Definition
blood protein
Term
hemolysis
Definition
blood destruction
Term
hemorrhage
Definition
rapid flow of blood
Term
hemostasis
Definition
stopping blood
Term
hematology
Definition
study of blood
Term
hematoma
Definition
blood swelling
Term
hematopoiesis
Definition
blood producing
Term
sanguinous
Definition
pertaining to the blood
Term
erythrocyte
Definition
red cell
Term
leukocyte
Definition
white cell
Term
thrombocyte
Definition
clotting cell
Term
granulocyte
Definition
granular cell
Term
agranulocyte
Definition
nongranular cell
Term
erythrocytosis
Definition
too many red cells
Term
leukocytosis
Definition
too many white cells
Term
thrombocytosis
Definition
too many clotting cells
Term
erythropenia
Definition
too few red (cells)
Term
leukocytopenia
Definition
tow few whit cells
Term
thrombocytopenia
Definition
too few clotting cells
Term
pancytopenia
Definition
too few of all cells
Term
hematocytopenia
Definition
too few blood cells
Term
blood clot
Definition
the hard collection of fibrin, blood cells, and tissue debris that is the end result of hemostasis or the blood-clotting process
Term
coagulate
Definition
when a liquid is converted to a gel or solid
Term
dyscrasia
Definition
a general term indicating the presence of a disease affecting blood
Term
erythropoiesis
Definition
the process of forming erythrocytes in the red bone marrow
Term
hematologist
Definition
a physician who specializes in treating diseases and conditions of the blood
Term
hematoma
Definition
the collection of blood under the skin as the result of blood escaping into the tissue from damaged blood vessels; commonly referred to as a bruise
Term
hemostasis
Definition
to stop bleeding or the stagnation of blood flow through the tissues
Term
packed cells
Definition
a transfusion of only the formed elements and without plasma
Term
whole blood
Definition
refers to the mixture of both plasma and formed elements
Term
anemia
Definition
a large group of conditions characterized by a reduction in the number of red blood cells or the amount of hemoglobin in the blood; results in less oxygen reaching the tissues
Term
aplastic anemia
Definition
severe form of anemia that develops as a consequence of loss of functioning red bone marrow; results in a decrease in the number of all the formed elements; treatment may eventually require a bone marrow transplant
Term
erythroblastosis fetalis
Definition
condition in which antibodies in the mother's blood enter the fetus' blood and cause anemia, jaundice, edema, and enlargement of the liver and spleen; also called hemolytic disease of the newborn
Term
hemolytic anemia
Definition
an anemia that develops as the result of the excessive loss of erythrocytes
Term
hemolytic disease of the newborn
Definition
condition that may develop during pregnancy if the mother is Rh-negative, in which antibodies in the mother's blood enter the fetus' bloodstream, damaging fetal blood cells; results in anemia, jaundice, edema, and enlargement of the liver and spleen; also called erythroblastosis fetalis
Term
hemophilia
Definition
hereditary blood disease in which blood-clottiong time is prolonged; it is transmitted by a sex-linked trait from females to males; it appears almost exclusively in males
Term
hyperlipidemia
Definition
condition of having too high a level of lipids such as cholesterol in the bloodstream; a risk factor for developing atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease
Term
hypochromic anemia
Definition
anemia resulting from having insufficient hemoglobin in the erythrocytes; named because the hemoglobin molecule is responsible for the dark red color of the erythrocytes
Term
iron-deficiency anemia
Definition
anemia that results from having insufficient iron to manufacture hemoglobin
Term
leukemia
Definition
cancer of the WBC-forming red bone marrow; results in a large number of abnormal and immature WBCs circulating in the blood
Term
pernicious anemia
Definition
anemia associated with insufficient absorption of vitamin B12 by the digestive system; vitamin B12 is necessary for erythrocyte production
Term
polycythemia vera
Definition
production of too many red blood cells by the bone marrow; blood becomes too thick to easily flow through the blood vessels
Term
septicemia
Definition
having bacteria in the bloodstream; commonly referred to as blood poisoning
Term
sickle cell anemia
Definition
a genetic disorder in which erythrocytes take on an abnormal curve or "sickle" shape; these cells are fragile and are easily damaged, leading to a hemolytic anemia
Term
thalassemia
Definition
a genetic disorder in which the person is unable to make functioning hemoglobin, resulting in anemia
Term
bleeding time
Definition
test to measure the amount of time it takes for blood to coagulate
Term
blood culture and sensitivity (C&S)
Definition
sample of blood is incubated in the laboratory to check for bacterial growth; if bacteria are present, they are identified and tested to determine which antibiotics they are sensitive to
Term
bone marrow aspiration
Definition
sample of bone marrow is removed by aspiration with a needle and examined for diseases such as leukemia or aplastic anemia
Term
complete blood count (CBC)
Definition
blood test that consists of five tests: red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cell count (WBC), hemoglobin (Hgb), hematocrit (Hct), and white blood cell differential
Term
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
Definition
blood test to determine the rate at which mature red blood cells settle out of the blood after the addition of an anticoagulant; this is an indicator of the presence of an inflammatory disease
Term
hematocrit (HCT, Hct, crit)
Definition
blood test to measure the volume of red blood cells (erythrocytes) within the total volume of blood
Term
hemoglobin (Hgb, hb)
Definition
a blood test to measure the amount of hemoglobin present in a given volume of blood
Term
phlebotomy
Definition
incision into a vein in order to remove blood for a diagnostic test; also called venipuncture
Term
platelet count
Definition
blood test to determine the number of platelets in a given volume of blood
Term
prothrombin time (Pro time, PT)
Definition
a measure of the blood's coagulation abilities by measuring how long it takes for a clot to form after prothrombin has been activated
Term
red blood cell count (RBC)
Definition
blood test to determine the number of erythrocytes in a volume of blood; a decrease in red blood cells may indicate anemia; an increase may indicate polycythemia
Term
red blood cell morphology
Definition
examination of a specimen of blood for abnormalities in the shape (morphology) of the erythrocytes; used to determine diseases like sickle cell anemia
Term
sequential multiple analyzer computer (SMAC)
Definition
machine for doing multiple blood chemistry tests automatically
Term
white blood cell count (WBC)
Definition
blood test to measure the number of leukocytes in a volume of blood; an increase may indicate the presence of infection or a disease such as leukemia; a decrease in WBCs may be caused by radiation therapy or chemotherapy
Term
white blood cell differential (diff)
Definition
blood test to determine the number of each variety of leukocytes
Term
autologous transfusion
Definition
procedure for collecting and storing a patient's own blood several weeks prior to the actual need; it can then be used to replace blood lost during a surgical procedure
Term
blood transfusion
Definition
artificial transfer of blood into the bloodstream
Term
bone marrow transplant
Definition
patient receives red bone marrow from a donor after the patient's own bone marrow has been destroyed by radiation or chemotherapy
Term
homologous transfusion
Definition
replacement of blood by tranfusion of blood received from another person
Term
plasmapheresis
Definition
method of removing plasma from the body without depleting the formed elements; whole blood is removed and the cells and plasma are separated; the cells are returned to the patient along with a donor plasma transfusion
Term
anticoagulant
Definition
prevents blood clot formation
Term
antihemorrhagic
Definition
substance that prevents or stops hemorrhaging; a hemostatic agent
Term
antiplatelet agents
Definition
interferes with the action of platelets; prolongs bleeding time; commonly referred to as blood thinners
Term
hematinic
Definition
substance that increases the number of erythrocytes or the amount of hemoglobin in the blood
Term
hemostatic agent
Definition
stops the flow of blood; an antihemorrhagic
Term
thrombolytic
Definition
able to dissoble existing blood clots
Term
AHF
Definition
antihemophilic factor
Term
ALL
Definition
acute lymphocytic leukemia
Term
AML
Definition
acute myelogenous leukemia
Term
basos
Definition
basophils
Term
BMT
Definition
bone marrow transplant
Term
CBC
Definition
complete blood count
Term
CLL
Definition
chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Term
CML
Definition
chronic myelogenous leukemia
Term
diff
Definition
differential
Term
eosins, eos
Definition
eosinophils
Term
ESR, SR, sed rate
Definition
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Term
HCT, Hct, crit
Definition
hematocrit
Term
HDN
Definition
hemolytic disease of the newborn
Term
Hgb, Hb, HGB
Definition
hemoglobin
Term
lymphs
Definition
lymphocytes
Term
MCV
Definition
mean corpuscular volume
Term
monos
Definition
monocytes
Term
PA
Definition
pernicious anemia
Term
PCV
Definition
packed cell volume
Term
PMN, polys
Definition
polymorphonuclear neutrophil
Term
PT, pro-time
Definition
prothrombin time
Term
RBC
Definition
red blood cell
Term
Rh+
Definition
Rh-positive
Term
Rh-
Definition
Rh-negative
Term
SMAC
Definition
sequential multiple analyzer computer
Term
WBC
Definition
white blood cell
Term
aden/o
Definition
gland
Term
adenoid/o
Definition
adenoids
Term
immun/o
Definition
protection
Term
lymph/o
Definition
lymph
Term
lymphaden/o
Definition
lymph node
Term
lymphangi/o
Definition
lymph vessel
Term
splen/o
Definition
spleen
Term
thym/o
Definition
thymus
Term
tonsill/o
Definition
tonsils
Term
tox/o
Definition
poison
Term
-globulin
Definition
protein
Term
-phage
Definition
eat, swallow
Term
adenoiditis
Definition
inflammation of the adenoids
Term
adenoidectomy
Definition
excision of the adenoids
Term
immunoglobulin
Definition
immunity protein
Term
immunology
Definition
study of immunity
Term
lymphadenectomy
Definition
excision of lymph gland
Term
lymphadenitis
Definition
inflammation lymph glands
Term
lymphadenopathy
Definition
lymph gland disease
Term
lymphangiogram
Definition
record of lymph vessels
Term
lymphoma
Definition
lymph tumor
Term
lymphatic
Definition
pertaining to lymph
Term
pathogenic
Definition
disease producing
Term
pathology
Definition
study of disease
Term
splenectomy
Definition
excision of spleen
Term
splenomegaly
Definition
enlarged spleen
Term
splenopexy
Definition
surgical fixation of the spleen
Term
thymectomy
Definition
excision of the thymus
Term
thymoma
Definition
thymus tumor
Term
tonsillectomy
Definition
excision of the tonsils
Term
tonsillitis
Definition
inflammation of the tonsils
Term
allergen
Definition
an antigen that causes an allergic reaction
Term
allergist
Definition
a physician who specializes in testing for and treating allergies
Term
allergy
Definition
hypersensitivity to a common substance in the environment or to a medication
Term
anaphylaxis
Definition
severe, potentially life-threatening, allergic reaction to an antigen
Term
atypical
Definition
abnormal
Term
autoimmune disease
Definition
a disease that results from the body's immune system attacking its own cells as if they were pathogens; examples include systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis
Term
Epstein-Barr virus
Definition
virus that is believed to be the cause of infectious mononucleosis
Term
hives
Definition
appearance of wheals as part of an allergic reaction
Term
human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)
Definition
virus that causes AIDS; also known as a retrovirus
Term
immunocompromised
Definition
having an immune system that is unable to respond properly to pathogens
Term
immunoglobulins
Definition
antibodies secreted by the B cells; all antibodies are these; they assist in protecting the body and its surfaces from the invasion of bacteria
Term
immunologist
Definition
a physician who specializes in treating infectious diseases and other disorders of the immune system
Term
inflammation
Definition
the tisssues' response to injury from pathogens or physical agents; characterized by redness, pain, swelling, and feeling hot to touch
Term
lymphedema
Definition
edema appearing in the extremities due to an obstruction of the lymph flow through the lymphatic vessels
Term
opportunistic infections
Definition
infectious diseases that are associated with patients who have compromised immune systems and therefore a lowered resistance to infections and parasites; may be the results of HIV infection
Term
retrovirus
Definition
virus, such as HIV, in which the virus copies itself using the host's DNA
Term
urticaria
Definition
the severe itching associated with hives, usually associated with food allergy, stress, or drug reactions
Term
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Definition
disease that involves a defect in the cell-mediated immunity system; a syndrome of opportunistic infections that occur in the final stages of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); this virus attacks T4 lymphocytes and destroys them, which reduces the person's ability to fight infection
Term
AIDS-related complex (ARC)
Definition
early stage of AIDS; there is a positive test for the virus but only mild symptoms of weight loss, fatigue, skin rash, and anorexia
Term
anaphylactic shock
Definition
life-threatening condition resulting from a severe allergic reaction; examples of instances that may trigger this reaction include bee stings, medications, or the ingestion of foods; circulatory and respiratory problems occur, including respiratory distress, hypotension, edema, tachycardia, and convulsions
Term
elephantiasis
Definition
inflammation, obstruction, and destruction of the lymph vessels that result in enlarged tissues due to edema
Term
graft vs. host disease (GVHD)
Definition
serious complication of bone marrow transplant; immune cells from the donor bone marrow attack the recipient's tissues
Term
Hodgkin's disease
Definition
cancer of the lymphatic cells found in concentration in the lymph nodes
Term
Kaposi's sarcoma
Definition
form of skin cancer frequently seen in patients with AIDS; it consists of brownish-purple papules that spread from the skin and metastasize to internal organs
Term
lymphadenitis
Definition
inflammation of the lymph nodes; referred to as swollen glands
Term
malignant lymphoma
Definition
cancerous tumor of lymphatic tissue; most commonly occurs in lymph nodes, the spleen, or other body sites containing large amounts of lymphatic cells
Term
mononucleosis
Definition
acute infectious disease with a large number of atypical lymphocytes; caused by the Epstein-Barr virus; abnormal liver function may occur
Term
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL)
Definition
cancer of the lymphatic tissues other than Hodgkin's lymphoma
Term
peritonsillar abscess
Definition
infection of the tissues between the tonsils and the pharynx; also called a quinsy sore throat
Term
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
Definition
pneumonia common in AIDS patients that is caused by infection with an opportunistic parasite
Term
sarcoidosis
Definition
disease of unknown cause that forms fibrous lesions; lesions commonly appear in the lymph nodes, liver, skin, lungs, spleen, eyes, and small bones of the hands and feet
Term
severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCIDS)
Definition
disease seen in children born with a nonfunctioning immune system; often forced to live in sealed sterile rooms
Term
ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Definition
a blood test for an antibody to the AIDS virus; a positive test means that the person has been exposed to the virus; there may be a false-positive reading and then the Western blot test would be used to verify the results
Term
lymphangiography
Definition
x-ray taken of the lymph vessels after the injection of dye into the foot; the lymph flow through the chest is traced
Term
Monospot
Definition
test for infectious mononucleosis
Term
scratch test
Definition
form of allergy testing in which the body is exposed to an allergen through a light scratch in the skin
Term
Western blot
Definition
test used as a backup to the ELISA blood test to detect the presence of the antibody to HIV (AIDS virus) in the blood
Term
immunization
Definition
exposure to a weakened pathogen that stimulates the immune response and antibody produciton in order to confer protection against the full-blown disease; also called a vaccination
Term
immunotherapy
Definition
giving a patient an injection of immunoglobulins or antibodies in order to treat a disease; the antibodies may be produced by another person or animal, for example, antivenom for snake bites; more recent developments include treatments to boost the activity of the immune system, especially to treat cancer and AIDS
Term
lymphadenectomy
Definition
excision of a lymph node; this usually done to test for malignancy
Term
vaccination
Definition
exposure to a weakened pathogen that stimulates the immune response and antibody production in order to confer protection against the full-blown disease; also called immunization
Term
antihistamine
Definition
blocks the effects of histamine that has been released by the body during an allergic reaction
Term
anti-inflammatory
Definition
reduces the body's inflammatory reaction
Term
antiviral
Definition
weakens a viral infection in the body, often by interfering with the virus' ability to replicate
Term
corticosteroids
Definition
a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that has very strong anti-inflammatory properties; it is particularly useful in treating autoimmune diseases
Term
immunosuppressants
Definition
blocks certain actions of the immune system; required to prevent rejection of a transplanted organ
Term
vasoconstrictors
Definition
produces contraction of the smooth muscles in the walls of arteries; will raise blood pressure of a patient in anaphylactic shock
Term
AIDS
Definition
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Term
ARC
Definition
AIDS-related complex
Term
CD4
Definition
type of T cell affected by HIV infection
Term
EBV
Definition
Epstein-Barr virus
Term
ELISA
Definition
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Term
GVHD
Definition
graft vs. host disease
Term
HD
Definition
Hodgkin's disease
Term
HIV
Definition
human immunodeficiency virus (causes AIDS)
Term
Ig
Definition
immunoglobulins (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM)
Term
KS
Definition
Kaposi's sarcoma
Term
lymphs
Definition
lymphocyte
Term
mono
Definition
mononucleosis
Term
NHL
Definition
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
Term
NK
Definition
natural killer cells
Term
PCP
Definition
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
Term
SCIDS
Definition
severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome
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