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Chapter 6: A tour of the cell
Berrett: AP Bio
38
Biology
12th Grade
09/19/2012

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Term
capsule
Definition
A sticky layer that surrounds the cell wall of some prokaryotes, protecting the cell surface and sometimes helping to glue the cell to surfaces.
Term
cell wall
Definition
In plants, a strong and durable matrix often deposited in several laminated layers for cell protection and support.
Term
central vacuole
Definition
A membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development.
Term
chloroplast
Definition
An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.
Term
chromatin
Definition
The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, it exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope.
Term
chromosome
Definition
A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
Term
cilium
Definition
A short cellular appendage containing microtubules. They can be used for both sensory and locomotion.
Term
contractile vacuole
Definition
A membranous sac that helps move excess water out of certain freshwater protists.
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
The contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus and bounded by the plasma membrane.
Term
cytosol
Definition
The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm.
Term
electron microscope (EM)
Definition
A microscope that uses magnets to focus an electron beam on or through a specimen, resulting in resolving power a thousandfold greater than that of a light microscope.
Term
endomembrane system
Definition
The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles
Term
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Definition
An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions.
Term
eukaryotic cell
Definition
A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles.
Term
extracellular matrix (ECM)
Definition
The substance in which animal cells are embedded, consisting of protein and polysaccharides synthesized and secreted by cells.
Term
Golgi apparatus
Definition
An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize some products
Term
Light microscope (LM)
Definition
An optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens.
Term
lysosome
Definition
A membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists.
Term
mitochondrion
Definition
An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration.
Term
nuclear envelope
Definition
The double membrane in a eukaryotic cell that encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm.
Term
nucleoid
Definition
A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.
Term
nucleolus
Definition
A specialized structure in the nucleus, consisting of chromatin regions containing ribosomal RNA genes along with ribosomal proteins imported from the cytoplasmic site of rRNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly.
Term
nucleus
Definition
The chromosome-containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell
Term
organelle
Definition
Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.
Term
peroxisome
Definition
An organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen (H2) from various substrates to oxygen (O2), producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
Term
phagocytosis
Definition
A type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances are taken up by a cell.
Term
plasma membrane
Definition
The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell’s chemical composition.
Term
Plastid
Definition
One of a family of closely related organelles that includes chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts
Term
prokaryotic cell
Definition
A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles.
Term
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Definition
The most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins makes up ribosomes.
Term
ribosome
Definition
A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm
Term
rough ER
Definition
That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.
Term
scanning electron microscope (SEM)
Definition
A microscope that uses an electron beam to scan the surface of a sample to study details of its topography.
Term
Smooth ER
Definition
That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes.
Term
transmission electron microscope (TEM)
Definition
A microscope that passes an electron beam through very thin sections and is primarily used to study the internal ultrastructure of cells.
Term
transport vesicle
Definition
A tiny membranous sac in a cell’s cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell.
Term
vacuole
Definition
A membrane-bounded vesicle whose function varies in different kinds of cells.
Term
vesicle
Definition
A sac made of membrane in the cytoplasm.
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