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Chapter 6
A tour of the Cell
46
Biology
Undergraduate 2
10/02/2013

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Term
Cell
Definition
Simplest collection of matter than can be alive.
Term
Cell Structure
Definition
Correlated to cellular function
Term
Light Microscope(LM)
Definition
visible light is passed through a specimen and then through glass lenses. Lenses refract the light so that the image is magnified.
Term
Magnification
Definition
ratio of an objects image size to its real size
Term
Resolution
Definition
the measure of the clarity of the image, or the minimum distance of tw distinguishable points.
Term
Contrast
Definition
visible differences in parts of the sample.
Term
Prokaryotic Cells
Definition
-Only found in Bacteria and Archaea
-Plasma membrane
-cytosol
-chromosomes
-ribosomes
-No Nucleus
Nucleoid
-Cytoplasm
Term
Eukaryotic Cells
Definition
-Found in Protists, fungi, animals, and plants
-Plasma membrane
-cytosol
-chromosomes
-ribosomes
-Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Term
Plasma membrane
Definition
a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell.
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
-particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein
use info from DNA to make protiens
Term
Nucleus
Definition
contains most of the cells genes
Term
Nuclear envelope
Definition
encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm.
Term
Nuclear lamina
Definition
maintains the shape of the nucleus, composed of protein
Term
Chromosomes
Definition
composed of a single DNA molecule
Term
Chromatin
Definition
DNA and proteins of chromosomes together
Term
nucleolus
Definition
located within the nucleus and is the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis.
Term
Endomembrane system
Definition
1.Nuclear envelope
2.Endoplasmic reticulum
3.Golgi apparatus
4.lysosomes
5.Vacuoles
6.Plasma membrane
Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER)
Definition
Accounts for more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells
Term
Smooth ER
Definition
lacks ribosomes
1.synthesizes lipids
2.metabolizes carbohydrates
3.detoxifies drugs and poisons
4.stores calcium ions.
Term
Rough ER
Definition
-surface is studded with ribosomes
1.Glycoproteins
2.transport vesicles
3. is a membrane factory for the cell.
Term
Golgi Apparatus
Definition
consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae
1. Modifies products of the ER
2.Manufactures certain macromolecules
3.Sorts and packages material into transport vesicles.
Term
Lysosome
Definition
A membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
cells engulf other cells, forms a food vacuole
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
the sites of cellular respiration, a metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP
Term
Chloroplasts
Definition
found in plants and algae, are the sites of photosynthesis.
Term
Chlorplast Structure
Definition
Thylakoids, membranous sacs, stacked to form a granum
Stroma, the internal fluid
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition
A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm
-Organizes the cells structures and activities anchoring many organelles
Term
Motor Proteins
Definition
produce motility
Term
Microtubules
Definition
thickest of the three components of the cytoskeleton
Functions
-shappin cell
-Guiding movement of organelles
-Separating chromosomes during cell divison
Term
Microfilaments
Definition
actin filaments, thinnest components
Term
Intermediate filaments
Definition
fibers with diameters ina middle range
Term
Centrosome
Definition
microtubules grow out from here, near the bucleus
Term
Basal body
Definition
anchors the cilium or flagellum
Term
dynein
Definition
a motor protein that drives the bending movements of a cilium or flagellum
Term
Pseudopodia
Definition
extend and contract through the reversible assembly and contraction of actin subunits into microfilaments
Term
Cytoplasmic Streaming
Definition
A circular flow of cytoplasm within cells
Term
Cell wall
Definition
an extracellular structure that distinguishes plant cells from animal cells
-Protects the plant cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water.
Term
Primary cell wall
Definition
relatively thin and flexiable
Term
Middle lamella
Definition
thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells
Term
Secondary cell wall
Definition
added between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall.
Term
ECM
Definition
extracellular matric, cover animal cells, made up of collagen, proteogycans
Functions:
1. Support
2.Adhesion
3.Movement
4.Regulation
Term
Intercellular Junctions
Definition
1.Plasmodesmata
2.tight junctions
3.Desmosomes
4.Gap junctions
Term
Plasmodesmata
Definition
channels that perforate plant cell walls
Term
Tight junctions
Definition
membranes of neighboring cells are pressed togther preventing leakage of extraCELLULAR FLUID
Term
gAP JUNCTIONS
Definition
provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells.
Term
desmosomes
Definition
fasten cells together into strong sheets.
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