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Chapter 6
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50
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
11/28/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Development
Definition
The physiological behavioral, cognitive, and social changes that occur throughout human life, which are guided by both genetic predispositions (nature) and by environmental influences.
Term
Infancy
Definition
The developmental state from birth to 1 year of age.
Term
Childhood
Definition
The developmental period from infancy to the onset of puberty.
Term
Adolescence
Definition
The years between the onset of puberty and the beginning of adulthood.
Term
Adulthood
Definition
the stage of life after adolescence, including emerging, early, middle, and older adulthood.
Term
Ovulation
Definition
The process whereby an egg stored in the woman's ovaries matures and is released into the fallopian tube.
Term
Zygote
Definition
The product of an egg and sperm that merge together during conception.
Term
Embryo
Definition
The status of a zygote once it is implanted in the uterine wall.
Term
Amniotic sax
Definition
Acting as a cushion as well as a temperature regulatior, it is the fluid-filled reservoir in which the fetus lives until birth.
Term
Placenta
Definition
The organ that allows the exchange of nutrients between the fetus and the mother, while at the same time filtering out harmful material.
Term
Umbilical cord
Definition
a cord that links the embryo directly to the placenta and transfers all material to the embryo from the mother.
Term
Fetus
Definition
The stage of the embryo from 9 weeks after conception to birth. the defining aspect of the fetal stage is growth.
Term
Teratogens
Definition
Any harmful material that can bypass the filter in the placenta and pass from the mother to the fetus.
Term
Fetal Alchohol Syndrome (FAS)
Definition
The detrimental effect of large amounts of maternal alcohol consumption on fetal development.
Term
Habituation
Definition
Decreased responsiveness toward a stimulus after it has been presented numerous times in succession.
Term
Habituation procedutre
Definition
A procedure that uses the principles of habituation to allow researchers to infer the cognitive processes of newborns.
Term
Schema
Definition
A pattern of knowledge in long-term memory that helps us organize information.
Term
Assimilation
Definition
The use of an already developed scheme to understand new information
Term
Accommodation
Definition
the change of an existing scheme on the basis of new information
Term
Sensorimotor stage
Definition
A stage of Piaget's model of cognitive development, lasting from birth to age 2, in which the baby perceives the environment through the senses and motor skills.
Term
Object Permanence
Definition
The ability to be aware of an objects existence even when it is not visible.
Term
Preoperational stage
Definition
A stage of Piaget's cognitive development model, lasting from 2 to 7 years of age, in which children become capable of forming mental images.
Term
Theory of mind
Definition
The ability to take another person's viewpoints.
Term
Concrete operational stage
Definition
A tage of Piaget's cognitive development model, between ages 7 to 11 years in which children begin to use concepts of time, space, and numbers more accurately, and are able to use deductive or reversible reasoning.
Term
Conservation
Definition
The undersanding that changes in the form of an object do not necessarily mean changes in the quantity of the object.
Term
Formal operational stage
Definition
A stage of Piaget's cognitive development model, reached by children 11 years and older, in which they begin to think in abstact terms.
Term
Self Concept
Definition
A schema that contains knowledge about us, including our beliefs about our personality traits, physical characteristics, abilities, values, goals, and roles.
Term
Attachment
Definition
The strong need of an infant to be close to the primary caregiver.
Term
Strange Situation
Definition
A measure of attachment in young children in which the child's behaviors are assessed in a situation in which the caregiver and a stranger move in and out of the environment.
Term

Temperament

Definition
The innate personality characteristics of an infant.
Term
Longitudinal research design
Definition
Research in which individuals are studied over an extended period of time, often over multiple developmental stages.
Term
Cross-sectional research design
Definition
A research design in which comparisons are made between samples of people at different ages.
Term
Cohort effects
Definition
Refers to the possibility that difference in cognition or behavior at two points in time may be caysed by differences that are unrelated to the hchanges in age. The difference might instead be due to environmental factors that affect an entire age group. 
Term
Emerging adulthood
Definition
The ages between 18 years and the middle or late 20s when the adolescent is first becoming an adult.
Term
Puberty
Definition
A developmental stage in adolescence in which hormonalchanges create rapid physical changes in the body.
Term
Primary sex characteristics
Definition
The organs concerned with reproduction, including the testicles and the penis in boys and ovaries, uterus and vagina in girls.
Term
Secondary sex characteristics
Definition
Physical features that distinguish the two sexes from each other but that are not involved in reproduction.
Term
Menarche
Definition
The first menstrual period.
Term
Social identity
Definition
The part of the self-concept that is derived from one's group memberships.
Term
Early adulthood
Definition
The ages between 25 and 45
Term
Middle Adulthood
Definition
The ages between 45 and 65
Term
Parenting style
Definition
Parental behaviors that determine the nature of parent-child interactions.
Term
Menopause
Definition
The cessation of the menstrual cycle, which usually occurs at around age 50.
Term
Social clock
Definition
the cultural preferred "right time" for major life events, such as moving out of hte house, getting married, and having children.
Term
Late Adulthood
Definition
The final stage of life beginning at about age 65.
Term
Crystaliz
Definition
Term
Crystallized intelligence
Definition
A person's accumulated general knowledge about the world, including semantic knowledge, vocabulary, and language.
Term
Fluid intelligence
Definition
The ability to think and acquire information quickly and abstactly.
Term
Dementia
Definition
A progressive neurological disease that includes loss of cognitive abilities, which affect social and occupational functioning.
Term
Alzheimer's disease
Definition
A form of dementia that originates in the cerebral cortex and is ultimately fatal.
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