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Chapter 6 The Skeletal System
The Skeletal System, Dr. T, EU
79
Biology
Undergraduate 4
09/18/2011

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Term
Bone Head
Definition
a rounded, knoblike end of a long bone, separated from the shaft of the bone by a narrow portion (the neck of the bone)
Term
Neck
Definition
A constricted or narrow section that connects with the head, as in the neck connecting to the head or the neck of the femur
Term
Tuberosity
Definition

An elevated, broad, rounded process of a bone--usually for attachemtn of muscles or tendons

 

(too-ber-OSS-ih-tee)

Term
Trochanter
Definition

Large bony process located below the neck of the femur, for attachment of muscles 

 

(tro-KAN-ter)

Term
Condyle
Definition

A knucklelike projection at the end of a bone; usually fits into a fossa of another bone to form a joint

 

(CON-dial)

Term
Crest
Definition

A distinct border or ridge; an upper elevated edge, as in the upper part of the hip bone (the iliac crest); generally a site for muscle attachment 

 

Term
Spine
Definition

A sharp projection form the surface of a bone, similar to a crest

 

Bone depressions are concave (indented) areas, or openings, in a bone. The help to form joints or serve as points of attachemtn for muscle

Term
Sulcus
Definition

A groove or depression in a bone; a fissure

 

(SULL-kus)

Term
Sinus
Definition

An opening or hollow space in a bone, as in the paranasal sinuses or the frontal sinus. 

 

(SIGH-nus)

Term
Fossa
Definition

A hollow or shallow concave depression in a bone

(FOSS-ah)

Term
Foramen
Definition
A hole within a bone that allows blood vessels or nerves to pass through, as in the foramen magnum of the skull that allows the spinal cord to pass through it 
Term
Frontal Bone
Definition

froms the foregead and the upper part of the bony cavities that contain the eyeballs 

The frontal sinuses are located in this bone, just above the area where the frontal bone joins the nasal 

Term
Parietal Bones
Definition

just behind the frontal bones. They form most of the top and the upper sides of the cranium

 

(pah-REYE-eh-tall)

Term
Occipital Bone
Definition

froms the back of the head and the base of the skull. contains the forman magnum, thorugh which the spinal cord passes

 

(ock-SIP-itle)

Term
Temporal Bones
Definition

from the lower sides and part of the base of the skull. 

Contain the middle and inner ear structures. 

Contain the mastoid sinuses. 

contains the mastoid process

Term
Sphenoid Bone
Definition

The sphenoid bone is a bat-shaped bone located at the base of the skull in front of the temporal bones. It extends completely across the middle of the cranial. 

 

(SFEE-noyd)

 

sphen/o=wedge

-oid=resembling

Term
Ethmoid Bone
Definition

lies just behind the nasal bone, in front of the sphenoid bone. It also forms the front of the base of the skull. part of the ey orbits, and the nasal cavity. 

Contains the ethmoid sinuses. 

 

(ETH-moyd)

Term
Mandibular Bone
Definition

is the lower jaw bone 

The only movable bone of the skull 

 

(man-DIB-yoo-lar)

Term
Maxillary Bone
Definition

are the bones of the upper jaw. They are fused in the midline by a suture

also form the hard palate 

contains the maxillary sinuses 

Term
Zygomatic Bones
Definition
from the high part of the cheek and the outer border of the eye orbit
Term
Nasal Bones
Definition

give shape to the nose by forming the upper part of the bridge 

They also join the frontal bone, the ethmoid bone, and the maxillae 

 

(NAY-zl)

Term
Lacrimal Bones
Definition

are located at the inncer corenr of each eye, forming the sidewall of the nasal cavity and the middle wall of the ey orbit. 

join the cheek bones on each side to form the fossa which houses the tear duct

 

(LACK-rim-al)

 

 

Term
Vomer
Definition

a think, flat bone that forms the lower portion of the nasel septum 

It joins with the sphenoid, palatine, ethmoid, and maxillary bones 

Term
Palatine Bones
Definition

forms the sidewall of the back of the nasal cavity and joins in the midline to form the back part of the roof of hte mouth, or hard palate. 

 

(PAL-ah-tine)

Term
Nasal Conchae
Definition
help to complete the nasal cavity by forming the side and lower wall. These bones connect with the maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid, and palatine bones. 
Term
Humerus
Definition

the upper arm bone

Joines the scapula and the radius and ulna 

 

(HYOO-mer-us)

Term
Radius
Definition
the lower arm bone that is on the thumb side of the arm
Term
Ulna
Definition
one of the two lower arm bons and is on the little finger side of the arm. It has a large projection at its end called the olecranon process which makes the poiknt of the elbow. 
Term
Carpals
Definition

The bones of the wrist

Each wrist has eight carpal bones

 

(CAR-pals)

Term
Metacarpals
Definition

The bones of the hand

 

(met-ah-CAR-pals)

Term
Phalanges
Definition

The bones of the fingers

each finger has three phalangeal bones

The thumb has only two 

Term
Femur
Definition

the thigh bone

the longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the body 

 

(FEE-mur)

Term
Patella
Definition

the kneecap

the largest sesamoid bone in the body

Term
Tibia
Definition

the largest and stronger of the two lower leg bones

shin bone

located on the great toe side o the lower leg

 

(TIB-ee-ah)

 

Term
Fibula
Definition

lateral to the tibia 

 

(FIB-yoo-lah)

Term
Articular Cartilage
Definition

Thin layer of cartilage that covers the ends of the long bones and the surfaces of the joints

 

(ar-TIK-u-lar CAR-tih-lij)

Term
Bone Depressions
Definition

concave, indented areas or openings in bones

 

Term
Bone Markings
Definition
specific features of individual bones 
Term
Bone Processes
Definition
Projections or outgrowths of bones
Term
Cancellous Bone
Definition

Spongy bone, not as dense as compact bone 

 

(CAN-sell-us)

Term
Bone Process
Definition
Projections or outgrowths of bones
Term
Compact bone
Definition
harder outer shell of the bone
Term
Condyle
Definition

Knucklelike projection at the end of a bone 

 

(CON-dial)

Term
Diaphysis
Definition

Main shaftlike portion of a bone

 

(dye-AFF-ih-sis)

Term
Epiphyseal Line
Definition

A layer of cartilage that separates the diaphysis from the epiphysis of a bone; also known as the epiphyseal plate

 

(ep-ih-FOZZ-e-al)

Term
Epiphysis
Definition

the end of a bone

 

(eh-PIFF-ih-sis)

Term
False Ribs
Definition
Rib pairs 8 through 10, which connect to the vertebrae in the back but not to the sternum in the fron because the join the seenth rib in the front
Term
Fissure
Definition

a groove or depression in a bone; a sulcus

 

(FISH-er)

Term
Flat Bones
Definition

bones that are broad and then with flat or curved surfaces, such as the sternum

 

 

Term
Floating Ribs
Definition
Rib pairs 11 and 12, which connect to the vertebrae in the bacc but are free of any attachemnt in the front 
Term

Fontanelle

or

Fontanel

Definition

Space between the bones of an infant's cranium; "soft spot."

 

(fon-tah-NELL)

Term
Haversian Canals
Definition

System of small canals within compact bone that contain blood vessels lymphatic vessels, and nerves

 

(ha-VER-shan)

 

Term
Hematopoiesis
Definition

The normal formation and development of blood cells in the bone marrow

 

(hem-ah-toh-poy-EE-sis)

Term
Intervertebral Disk
Definition

a flat, circular, platelike strcuture of cartilage that serves as a cushion betwen the vertebrae

 

(in-ter-VER-teh-bral)

Term
Long Bones
Definition
Bones that are longer than they are wide adn with distinctive shaped ends, such as the femur
Term
Medullary Cavity
Definition

The center portion of the shaft of a long bone containing the yellow marrow

 

(MED-u-lair-ee)

Term
Ossification
Definition

The conversion of cartilage and fibrous connective tissue to bone; the formation of bone

 

(oss-sih-fih-KAY-shun)

Term
Osteocytes
Definition

mature bone cells 

 

(OSS-tee-oh-sites)

Term
Periosteum
Definition

The thick, white, fibrous membrane that covers teh surface of a long bone

 

(pair-ee-AH-stee-um)

Term
Red Bone Marrow
Definition
the soft, semifluid substance located in the small spaces of cancellous bone that is the source of blood cell production
Term
Sesamoid Bones
Definition

irregular bones imbedded in tendons near a joint, as in the kneecap

 

(SES-a-moyd bones)

Term
Short Bones
Definition
Bones that are about as long as they are wide and somewhat box-shaped, such as the wrist bone 
Term
Sinus
Definition

an opening or hollow space in a bone; a cavity wihtin a bone 

 

(SIGH-nuss)

Term
Stenosis
Definition

an abnormal condition characterized by a narrowing or restriction of an opening or passageway in a body structure

 

(stin-OH-sis)

Term
Sutures
Definition

Immovable joints such as those of the cranium

 

(SOO-chers)

Term
Trabeculae
Definition

Needlelike bony spicules within cancellous bone that contribute to the spongy appearance. Their distribution along lines of stres adds to the strength of the bone

 

(trah-BEK-u-lay)

Term
Yellow Marrow
Definition
Located in the diaphysis of long bones, yellow marrow consists of fatty tissue and is inactive in the formation of blood cells 
Term
Osteoporosis
Definition

means porous bones; bones that were once strong become fragile due to loss of bone density

 

(oss-tee-oh-poh-ROW-sis)

Term
Osteomalacia
Definition

a disease in which the bones become abnormally soft due to a deficiency of calcium and phosphorus in the blood. 

Results in fractures and noticieable deformities of the weight-bearing bones. 

In children called rickets 

 

(oss-tee-oh-mah-LAY-she-ah)

Term
Osteomyelitis
Definition

is a local or generalized infection of the bone and bone marrow, resulting from a bacterial infection that has spread to the bone tissue through the blood 

 

(oss-tee-oh-my-ell-EYE-tis)

Term
Ewing's Sarcoma
Definition

is a malignant tumor of the bones common to young adults, particuarly adolescent boys

 

(YOO-wings sar-KOH-mah)

Term

Osteogenic Sarcoma

(Osteosarcoma)

Definition
a malignant tumor arising from bone. 
Term
Osteochondroma
Definition

is the most common benign bone tumor. The femur and the tibia are most frequently invovled

 

(oss-tee-oh-kon-DROH-mah)

Term
Paget's disease
Definition

a nonmetabolic disease of the bone, characterized by excessive bone destruction and unorganized bone formation. The bone is weak and prone to frractures. 

The bone may take on a mosaic pattern

 

(PAJ-ets dih-ZEEZ)

Term
Spinal Stenosis
Definition

is anarrowing of the vertebral canal, nerve root canals, or intervertebral foramini (openings) of the lumbar spinal canal. The narrowing causes pressure on the nerve roots prior to their exit from the foramini

 

(SPIGH-nal stin-OH-sis)

Term
Abnormal Curvature of the Spin
Definition

Kyphosis: hunchbac

Lordosis: swayback

Scoliosis: curvature to the left or to the right

Term
Comminuted Fracture
Definition
Occurs when the force is so great that it splinters or crushes a segment of the bone 
Term
Colles' Fracture
Definition
occurs at the lower end of the radius, within 1 in of connecting with the wrist bone
Term

Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry

(DEXA)

Definition

noninvasive procedue that measures bone density

 

(ab-sorp-she-AHM-eh-tree)

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