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Chapter 6 - Lecture
Chapter 6 - Lecture
90
Biology
Undergraduate 1
03/12/2012

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Term
Skeletal Cartilage
Definition
Contains no BV or nerves
Term
Dense Connective Tissue
Definition
girdle of perichondrium; contains BV's to carry nutrients to cartilage
Term
Hyaline Cartilage
Definition
Provides support, flexibility and resilience
Most abundant
Term
Elastic Cartilage
Definition
Similar to hyaline BUT contains elastic fibers
Term
Fibrocartilages
Definition
Cologen fibers; great tensile strength
Term
Growth of cartilage
Definition
Appositional(cells secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage)
Interstitial(expands cartilage from within)
Calcification - normal bone growth; old age
Term
Axial skeleton
Definition
central axis of body
Term
Appendicular
Definition
Arms, legs, pubis
Term
Long bones
Definition
longer than wide
Term
short bones
Definition
cube shaped(wrist; ankle)
sesamoid bones(withen tendons ex patella)
Term
Flat bones
Definition
thin, flat slightly curved
Term
Ittegular bones
Definition
comlicated chape(vertebra)
Term
Functions of bones
Definition
Support, protection, movement
Term
Function of bones
Definition
storage(calcium and phosphorus)
Blood cell formation
Triglyceride(energy) storage in bone cavities
Term
Bones markings
Definition
bulges, depressions and holes
serve for joint surfaces, muscle ligament and tendon attachement, conduits BV's and nerves
Term
Tuberosity
Definition
rounded projection
Term
Crest
Definition
narrow, prominent ridge
Term
Trochanter
Definition
large, blunt irregular surface
Term
Line
Definition
narrow ridge of bone
Term
Tubercle
Definition
small rounded projection
Term
Epicondyle
Definition
raised area above a condyle
Term
Spine
Definition
sharp, slender projection
Term
Process
Definition
any bone prominence
Term
Ramus
Definition
round like bar
Term
Condyle
Definition
rounded articular projection
Term
Facet
Definition
smooth, nearly flat articular surface
Term
Head
Definition
bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
Term
Meatus
Definition
canal like passageway
Term
Groove
Definition
furrow
Term
Fissure
Definition
narrow slit like opening
Term
Foramen
Definition
round or oval opening through a bone
Term
Notch
Definition
indentation at the edge of a suture
Term
Sinus
Definition
cavity within a bone filled with air and lined with mucos membrane
Term
Fossa
Definition
shallow basinlike depression in a bone often serving as an articular surface
Term
compact bone
Definition
dense outer layer
Term
Spongy bone
Definition
Honeycomb of trabecule
Term
Diaphysis(shaft)
Definition
Long bone; bone collar
Term
Epiphyses
Definition
expands ends; spongy bone interior; remnant of growth plate; hyaline cartilage on joint surface
Term
Peristeum
Definition
outer fibrous layer
Term
Osteoblasts
Definition
bone forming cells
Term
Osteoclasts
Definition
bone destroying cells
Term
Osteogenic cells
Definition
stem cells
Term
Endosteum
Definition
delicate membrane on internal surfaces of bone; contains osteoblasts and clasts
Term
red marrow loacations in adults
Definition
trabecular cavities of head of the femur and humerus; diploe of flat bones
Term
red marrow loations in infants
Definition
medullary cavities and all spaces on spongy bone
Term
Osteocyte
Definition
mature bone cells
Term
Osteoclasts
Definition
cells that break down bone matrix
Term
Osteon/Haversian
Definition
lamellae; column like matrix tubes
Term
Central(haversian) canal
Definition
contains blood vessels and nerves
Term
Perforatin(volkmanns) canals
Definition
Rt angls to the central canal; connects BV's and nerves
Term
Lacunea
Definition
small cavities that contain osteocytes
Term
Canaliculi
Definition
hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and central canal
Term
Anatomy of spongy bone
Definition
Trabeculae; align lines of stress, no osteons, contains lamellae osteocytes and canaliculi, supply nutrients
Term
Osteoid
Definition
organic bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts
Term
Chemical composition of bone
Definition
osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
Term
Chemical compostiion of bone; inorganic
Definition
Hydroxyapatites(mineral salts)
65% bone mass, mainly calcium phosphate crystals, resp for hardness
Term
Osteogenesis(ossification)
Definition
bone tissue formation
Term
Stages of bone formation
Definition
1. Bone foramtion(begins second month of developement)
2. Postnaatal bone growth(until early adult hood)
3. Bone remodeling and repair(lifelong)
Term
Intramembranous ossification
Definition
membrane develops from fibrous membrane; forms flat bones
Term
Endochondral ossification
Definition
Cartilage forms by replacing hyaline cartilage; forms most of skeleton
Term
Interstitial growth
Definition
length of long bones
Term
Appositional growth
Definition
thickness and remodeling of bones by osteoblasts or osteoclasts
Term
Epiphyseal plate' four zones
Definition
Proliferation(growth)
Hypertrophic
Calcification
Ossification
Term
Proliferation zone
Definition
cartilage cells undergo mitosis
Term
Hypertrophic zone
Definition
Older cartilage cells enlarge
Term
Calcification zone
Definition
Matrix becomes calfified; cartilage dies; matrix begins deteriorating
Term
Ossification zone
Definition
new bone formation is occuring
Term
Hormonal reg of bone growth
Definition
- growth hormone stimualtes epiphyseal plate
- Thyroid hormone modulates activity of growth hormone
- Testosterone & estrogen(puberty)
Term
Bone deposit
Definition
occurs when bone is injured or added strength is needed
requires a diet rich in proteins, vit C, D & A
Term
Osteoid seam
Definition
site of new matrix deposit(unmineralized band)
Term
Calcification front
Definition
transition line between osteoid seam and older mineralized bone
Term
Osteocytes secret...
Definition
lysomal enzymes and acids
Term
Control bone remodeling
Definition
hormonal mechanisms and/or mechanical and gravitational force
Term
Calcium
Definition
transmission of nerve impulses
muscle contraction
blood coagulation
secretion by gland and nerve cells
cells division
Term
Wolffs law
Definition
a bone grows or remodels in response to forces or demands placed upon it
Term
wolffs law observations
Definition
hadedness - R ro L; results in one upper bone being thicker than the other
curved bones are thickest where they are most likely to buckle
trabeculae forms along stress lines
Large bony projections occur where heavy active muscles attach
Term
Nonsiplaced fracture
Definition
ends retain normal position
Term
Displaced fracture
Definition
ends out of normal alignment
Term
Linear fracture
Definition
parallel to long axis of the bone
Term
transverse fracture
Definition
perpendicular to long axis of the bone
Term
Compound fracture
Definition
open; bone ends penetrate the skin
Term
simple fracture
Definition
bones do not penetrate the skin
Term
fracture can be described in terms of...
Definition
location, external appearance, nature of break
Term
Stages in healing of a bone
Definition
1. hematoma forms
2. fibrocartilaginous callus forms
3. bony callus formation
4. bone remodeling
Term
osteomalacia and rickets
Definition
vitamin D defeciency
rickets: childhood disease; causes bowed legs
calcium salts not deposited
Term
Osteoporosis
Definition
loss of bone mass(bone resorption outpaces deposit)
neck of femur and spine more susceptible to fracture
Term
Osteoporosis treatment and prevention
Definition
calcium, Vit D and flouride, higher weight bearing excersise, hormone replacement(estrogen), drugs
Term
Pagets disease
Definition
excessive and haphazard bone formation(usually in spine pelvis or skull)
higher ratio to spngy bone
unknown cause
Term
nearly all bones ossified by age __
Definition
25
Term
rate of bone mass
Definition
determined by genetics and environmental factors
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